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Background approaches were reached to minimize or eliminate the methanol crossover either by modifying the Nafion membranes, using new types of proton-conducting membrane materials (eg. PEEK), or by a composite polymer membrane. The main goal behind reducing methanol crossover is to avoid the mixed potential in the cathode catalyst layer and low fuel utilization due to the methanol crossover. The crossover taking place in the fuel cell through swelled ionic channels drops the fuel cell efficiency and consuming unreacted fuel. To overcome this problem, various inorganic and organic nano-fillers must be incorporating with the Nafion membranes [30]. These organic materials should possess certain properties such as thermal stability as well as chemical stability. Inorganic materials can increase the methanol diffusion path (by tortuosity of inorganic) such as zeolite and graphene oxide thus reduces the fuel cell crossover. The main idea behind developing a new proton conducting membranes is to maintain high proton conductivity as well as low fuel permeability [31, 32]. Organic/inorganic composite membranes have shown promising results. There is an increasing interest in inorganic solid acids with various oxides, Zr-based solid acids composite membrane, and zeolites composite membranes. In fact, zeolites are one of the most common materials used for improving membrane performance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) [33]. Incorporating the Nafion membrane with inorganic filler can improve the cell performance by blocking the methanol from passing through the cell. Also it improves swelling property of the Nafion membrane which is considered as a major reason for its high methanol permeability. Membrane swelling has a different behavior at high temperature which means that the cell temperature has to be maintained during the experiment. J. Kerres, W. Zhang et al [32], found that a swelling at high temperature, for some membranes used in DMFC, can be avoided by cross-linking the ionomer membranes covalently, which indicates that the swelling is a function of temperature. Yuwei Zhang et al [30] decreased the methanol permeability in the Nafion membrane by cooperating sulfonated silica (inorganic) with Nafion (polymer). The study was carried out by coating a thin layer of sulfonated silica (inorganic filler) on the membrane surface. The membrane was named as Si-Nafion membrane. They indicated that the methanol permeation across the Si-Nafion membrane was reduced due to the presence of sulfonated silica. In addition, the proton conductivity in the Nafion membrane was maintained because of the intrinsic proton conductive property of the Sirhan AL-Batty Page 47PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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