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Background sulfonate acid groups of the sulfonated silica [30]. The acid (sulfonate) group at the interface of Nafion and sulfonated silica was very useful for transporting the proton between the inorganic/organic hybrid layers. Yuwei Zhang et al [30] found that the sulfonated organic silica layer is an effective method to minimize the methanol permeability of the Nafion membrane. As an additional feature to the modified membrane, they claimed that the swelling property of the Nafion membrane was delayed by using this method. The swelling property was made by comparing the geometric size of the membrane before and after immersing it in water for 24 h. However, it has been reported that silica is a poor proton conductor material [31], making a thin film of silica can slightly affect the conductivity. In fact, modifying the thin film surface made of silica did decrease the proton conductivity of the Si- Nafion membrane in Yuwei Zhang et al study. Proton conductivity and methanol permeability for both Nafion membranes and Si-Nafion membranes, (with different treatment times), were taken and found that the proton conductivity of the Nafion membrane was decreased from 0.092 cm-1 to 0.029 cm-1 (at 7 minutes treatment times) and also the methanol permeation reduces to a very low level where it cannot be detected. This indicates that modifying Nafion membrane with inorganic filler in order to reduce methanol crossover can affect the proton conductivity which affect the fuel cell efficiency. Due to the thermal and mechanical stability of Nafion, it has received huge attention as a proton conductor for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The bonds between the carbon and the fluorine make it tough and resistant to chemical attack. In addition, Nafion has two regions in which are strongly hydrophobic, and so it is used in fuel cell electrodes to push the produced water out of the electrode, therefore it prevents flooding to take place in the fuel cell. In the meantime, it hydrophilic region contains the ionic groups and their counter ions. Zeolite has been employed in the fuel cell to reduce the methanol crossover phenomena taking place during the operation of fuel cell. It has a unique micro-porous structure which possesses a uniform pore dimension that allows some molecules to enter the crystals and rejecting others depend on the molecular size. The ion-exchange properties in zeolite allow performing all types of ion exchange reactions. Moreover, Sirhan AL-Batty Page 48PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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