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Literature review 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, the structure, properties, types, and method of preparations of inorganic fillers (zeolite and graphene oxide) are discussed. Also, hybrid inorganic/organic composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell are reviewed for different types of zeolite such as low, medium and high silica to alumina ratio zeolite. Finally, the graphene oxide composite membrane is introduced. Nafion membrane have been used in DMFC due to it high proton conductivity under high humidity conditions [36]. However, the drawbacks of Nafion including high permeation rate of methanol considered to be the major obstacle that is hindering the commercialization of DMFC. One possible way to overcome such problem is to modify Nafion membrane with inorganic filler. Zeolite is one of the fillers which have been used due to its molecular sieve properties. Zeolite has a high crystalline structure and it can resist a variety of organic solvent and reduce the methanol crossover in DMFC. Mordenite type zeolite was chosen in this work due to the good proton- conducting characteristics. Mordenite has a medium Si/Al ratio which makes it hydrophilic thus serves the water retention property when operating the fuel cell. In addition to the zeolite, graphene oxide was found as inorganic filler which can reduce the methanol crossover in DMFC. Graphene oxide has functional groups on the surfaces which can be used to conduct the generated proton across the membrane. Therefore, the structure and property of zeolite and graphene oxide will be in the following sections. 2.2 Zeolite Zeolites were discovered originally in 1756 by Swedish mineralogist Baron Alex Frederick Cronstedt [33]. In terms of chemical structure, zeolites are a micro porous crystalline materials containing silicon, aluminium and oxygen in their framework and a cation which are based on an infinitely extending three-dimensional Sirhan AL-Batty Page 50PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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