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Literature review 2.2.4 Silica/Alumina Ratio and Zeolite Types The amount of Si and Al within the framework of zeolite can vary over a wide range depending on the nature of synthesis conditions. The variation in Si/Al ratio can change the zeolite properties. For instance, as the Si/Al ratio of the framework increases, the hydrothermal stability as well as the hydrophobicity increases [39, 58-60]. 2.2.5 Low-SilicaZeolites These types of zeolite contain high aluminium content in the framework. The molar ratio of low silica zeolite is Si/Al ≈1. Examples of low silica zeolite are zeolites type A and X which were discovered by Milton and Breck at Union Carbide in 1959. Low Si/Al ratio zeolite contain high number of cation exchange sites and thus the highest cation exchange capacities. One of the most commonly used zeolites in industrial application is zeolite A. It has been used as a softener in detergents, gas drying, and separation of linear and branched hydrocarbons [33, 39]. 2.2.6 Medium-SilicaZeolites The molar ratio of intermediate silica zeolites is Si/Al 1.5–3. An example of intermediate silica zeolite is type Y thus; it has a better acidic and thermal stability than zeolite type A due to the presence of [Si --- O --- Si] more than [Si --- O --- Al] in the framework . Another type of intermediate silica zeolite is mordenite which has molar Si/Al ration of 5 [61]. 2.2.7 High-SilicaZeolite Zeolites with molar Si/Al ratios of 10–∞ are termed high silica ratio. These types of zeolite have a very low Al content in the framework which makes them more thermally stable and enhanced catalytic properties. One good example of high silica zeolite is ZSM-5. The change of Si or Al composition in zeolites can control the properties such as thermal stability, ion-exchange capacity, acidity, and chemical polarity of the surfaces, which can serve numerous industrial applications [62-64]. Sirhan AL-Batty Page 54PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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