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Literature review 2.3 Graphene Oxide (GO) The oxidation of graphite by using a strong oxidizing agent produces a graphite oxide in which a monomolecular layer of the bulk material is known as graphene oxide (GO). Graphene is a two dimensional carbon material with an atom arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Due to the large surface area, functional group, chemical and mechanical stability graphene oxide has been used as inorganic filler and used in direct methanol fuel cell as nano composite membrane to reduce the methanol crossover [94]. Brief information concerning GO synthesis, structure and properties is essential to justify the employment of GO in fuel cell. 2.3.1 Graphene Oxide Chemical Structure Various graphene oxide structural models were suggested by researchers. In general four structures are commonly reported by Hofmann, Ruess, Scholz–Boehm, and Lerf. In 1939 Hofmann suggested a GO model in which the atomic configuration consists of two epoxy group sited on the surface (basal planes) of the graphene oxide [95]. The hydroxyl group on the surface of graphene oxide was then introduced by Ruess [96]. Hofmann assumed in his GO model that the epoxy group sitting on the bridge sites of carbon atom (1,2 ether) sp2. Later Ruess stated that the epoxy group also exist in the (1,3 ether) sp3 plane [96]. While later, in 1969, Scholz and Boehm removed the epoxy group and the ether group substituting regular quinoidal species in a corrugated backbone [97]. In 1990, Mermoux et al agreed on GO structural model which was studied by Ruess and Hofmann. By using FTIR and 13C NMR studies, he concludes that graphite oxide contains ether bridges, hydroxyl groups, sp2 coordinated carbons, and the functional groups are regularly distributed in the GO structure [98, 99]. . Sirhan AL-Batty Page 58PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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