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Literature review composite membrane, the methods of preparation can differ. Common methods used in preparation of composite membranes are direct mixing (blend) method, and doping methods [122]. 2.4.1.1 Direct mixing method Direct mixing method is the simplest method of fabricating inorganic /organic composite membrane. This method occurs in the presence of solvent which enhances the distribution of inorganic particles in the polymer matrix. During the mixing of inorganic (nano-particles) with polymers, an agglomeration takes place which cause non uniform distributions. In some cases, to reduce the formation of agglomerations of inorganic particles when mixing with polymer, a surface modification to the inorganic is carried out [122, 123]. 2.4.1.2 Doping method of preparing inorganic/organic composite membrane Introducing a foreign (impurity) material into other substance is known as doping. For example, in semiconductor, boron (B) or phosphorus (P) is added to silica (Si) to increase the conductivity of silica. This type of method (doping) has been used recently in preparing inorganic/organic composite membranes by introducing inorganic particles into polymer matrix. Before preforming the doping process, the membrane pore volume is increased by soaking the membrane in a solvent followed by introducing the inorganic (dopant) particles into the polymer matrix. The inorganic particles are covalently bonded with the polymer matrix. However, doping is still very challenging due to the doping mechanisms and also the leaching of in organic particles from the polymer matrix [122, 124-127]. Different types of zeolite composite membranes have been widely used as inorganic filler in fabricating nano composite membranes for fuel cell applications. Some of the common types of zeolite are listed in following sections. Sirhan AL-Batty Page 64PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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