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Literature review temperature. In addition, they found that methanol crossover decreased as the wt% of the montmorillonite increase. However, the proton conductivity of pure Nafion was higher than the montmorillonite composite membrane when operating fuel cell below 70°C [132]. 2.5.2 Medium Silica Zeolite Composite Membrane Zeolite Y type was incorporated with Nafion to fabricate inorganic/organic composite membrane for direct methanol fuel cell. The interface layer between the inorganic and organic was improved by using two silane coupling agents 3- aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) and 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) [133]. The composite membranes reduced the methanol permeability when compared with that of Nafion117 membranes. The reduction of methanol permeability was marked when using higher methanol concentration [133]. 2.5.3 High Silica Zeolite Beta Zeolite beta was incorporated with Nafion polymer to improve the water uptake, proton conductivity, and the thermal stability. The proton conductivity of Zeolite beta composite membrane was found higher than pure Nafion membrane at 80°C [133]. Moreover, the water uptake of the zeolite beta membrane increased as the zeolite wt% increases. The water retention properties of zeolite can improve the proton conductivity of zeolite/Nafion membrane (at fuel cell operating temperature above 90°C) thus increase the PEMFC efficiency from 0.3 W/cm2 to 0.5W/cm2 when using 10 wt % zeolite content [134, 135]. Zeolite beta with smaller particle size (800 nm) can increase the homogeneity of the zeolite/polymer in which it improve the interface thus reduce the methanol permeability in fuel cell [136]. The zeolites physical and chemical property (molecular sieves properties and hydrophilicity) makes it a useful material to fabricate inorganic/organic composite membranes to reduce methanol crossover thus enhance the fuel cell selectivity. Sirhan AL-Batty Page 66PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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