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Method and characterisation In a fuel cell, three losses are taking place during the operation. These losses include activation loss, ohmic loss, and mass transport loss. All three losses increase the voltage loss, thus drop the fuel cell efficiency. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can probe the losses allowing us to study changes to the efficiency of the fuel cell. In this thesis, the MEA ohmic resistivity (RΩ) of the fuel cell was the main concern. This section will describe the basic background of EIS and how it employed in this research. 3.2.6.1 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) background EIS uses a frequency response analyzer (FRA) technique to measure the impedance in the fuel cell. The FRA force a minimum AC signal to the cell through the load. The FRA analyses the response of the current and AC voltage of the cell to determine the resistivity of the fuel cell at that particular frequency. The voltage losses in the fuel cell are caused by charge transfer, ion and electron transport, and the concentration loss. These losses possess a different time constant which takes place at different AC frequencies [158]. In direct current circuits (DC), the result of the collision of electrons with the conducting ion lattice produce heat known as resistivity. When applying an alternative current (AC) to a circuit, the resistivity involves inductance and capacitance (due to the reverse electric charge caused by the sinusoidal waveshape) which known as impedance. Figure 3.9 shows the frequency response analyzer (FRA) diagram along with fuel cell. Figure 3.9 Frequency response analyzer (FRA) in fuel cell [159] Sirhan AL-Batty Page 85PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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