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Method and characterisation 3.2.6.2 Real electrochemical system In a real electrochemical circuit the impedance data include resistor (R), capacitors (C), and inductors (L). The resistance (R) includes the resistance of the MEA to proton transport (from anode to cathode) and the resistance of the conductor to electron transport through the external fuel cell circuit. In addition, it represents the resistance of charge transfer at the surface of the electrode. The capacitor (C) involve with space charge polarization region such as the double layer and the inductor (L) is associated with adsorption/desorption processes take place at the electrode. Table β3-1 define the resistor (R), capacitor (C), and inductor (L) mathematically for direct current and alternative current system. Table β3-1 Impedance spectroscopy for AC system [159] The ideal resistor (R) in direct current (DC) is independent of the frequency. However, in real electrochemical system the resistance impedance ππare used instead of resistance. The impedance of complex electrochemical system can also expressed as the following: ππ = ππππππππππ¦ + πππππ Zimaginary is the imaginary part of the impedance and express (ZΛΛ) on the y-axis Zreal is the real part of the impedance and express (ZΛ) on the x-axis 3.2.6.3 Impedance spectroscopy data for DMFC In fuel cell system, the impedance of the membrane electrode assembly is represented by the Nyquist plot. The Nyquist plot shows the impedance of both real and imaginary at different frequency range. Figure β3.10 shows the impedance parameters of frequency response analysis (FRA) in DMFC. Sirhan AL-Batty Page 86PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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