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Polymers 2021, 13, 359 7 of 11 in the fuel cell itself should also be avoided. Such a huge decrease in the through-plane conductivity of Nafion 117 oriented is also accompanied by an appreciable decrease of the ionomer density. It is found to be 1.7–1.8 g cm−3, a little higher than that found in the previous work, i.e., 1.4–1.5 g cm−3, probably due to some small differences in the procedure, and because the previous device had a smaller diameter than the one used here. However, such a density reduction is sufficient to cause the drop in conductivity, that we attribute to the transition of ribbon phases already present in commercial Nafion, from a random orientation to parallel direction of the surface, probably causing less/worsened interconnection between the ion channels, giving rise to lower through-plane conductivity. 3.2. Hydration Number (λ) and Counterpressure Index (nc) From the water uptake measured for each membrane and reported in Table 2, it was possible to calculate λ and nc. Based on these values, we can determine, without building the whole nc/T plots at different temperatures, the position in the plot at 25 ◦C of the single sample, suggesting the type of Nafion we are investigating and what kind of treatment it has previously undergone. Table 2. Thickness, WU%, lambda, and nc for Nafion 117, NR212, “recast”, “uncrystallized” and “oriented” at 25 ◦C in liquid water for 24 h. Membranes Nafion 117 Nafion 212 Nafion recast Nafion uncrystallized Nafion 117 oriented Thickness [μm] 180 ± 6 51 ± 2 50 ± 1 59 ± 2 160 ± 5 WU [wt%] 24 22 24 29 25 λ nc 14.6 11.6 13.4 13.5 14.6 11.6 17.7 8.6 15.3 10.8 The values of nc fall with good approximation in Figure 3 of the reference 17, suggest- ing the good reproducibility of the system [19]. Figure 3. Self-diffusion coefficients as a function of the temperature (from 20 ◦C to 130 ◦C) of the water confined in the various PFSA membranes. From Table 2, Nafion 212 has the lowest water uptake and the highest value of nc. One need to consider that, according to Alberti et al. [5], one nc unit is equivalent to an increase of Young’s modulus by about 6.5 MPa, with the higher the value having the greater mechanical resistance.PDF Image | Morphology of Nafion-Based Membranes Affects Proton Transport
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