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Polymers 2021, 13, 359 10 of 11 References Acknowledgments: The authors are indebted to the late G. Alberti (May 1930–October 2017) for having initiated this study. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Mauritz, K.A.; Moore, R.B. State of understanding of nafion. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4535–4585. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Alberti, G.; Casciola, M.; Donnadio, A.; Narducci, R.; Pica, M.; Sganappa, M. Preparation and properties of nafion membranes containing nanoparticles of zirconium phosphate. Desalination 2006, 199, 280–282. [CrossRef] 3. Kusoglu, A.; Weber, A.Z. New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 987–1104. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Giancola, S.; Arciniegas, R.A.B.; Fahs, A.; Chailan, J.F.; Di Vona, M.L.; Knauth, P.; Narducci, R. Study of annealed aquivion® ionomers with the INCA method. Membranes 2019, 9, 1–13. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 5. Alberti, G.; Narducci, R.; Sganappa, M. 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Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study of Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes. 1. Origin of Two Scattering Maxima. Macromolecules 1981, 14, 1309–1315. [CrossRef] 11. Starkweather, H.W. Crystallinity in Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomers and Related Polymers. Macromolecules 1982, 15, 320–323. [CrossRef] 12. Litt, M.H. Reevaluation of Nafion morphology. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 213, 80–81. 13. Haubold, H.G.; Vad, T.; Jungbluth, H.; Hiller, P. Nano structure of NAFION: A SAXS study. Electrochim. Acta 2001, 46, 1559–1563. [Cross- Ref] 14. Kreuer, K.D.; Portale, G. A critical revision of the nano-morphology of proton conducting ionomers and polyelectrolytes for fuel cell applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 5390–5397. [CrossRef] 15. Gebel, G. Structural evolution of water swollen perfluorosulfonated ionomers from dry membrane to solution. Polymer 2000, 41, 5829–5838. [CrossRef] 16. Rubatat, L.; Gebel, G.; Diat, O. Fibrillar structure of Nafion: Matching fourier and real space studies of corresponding films and solutions. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 7772–7783. [CrossRef] 17. Perrin, J.C.; Lyonnard, S.; Guillermo, A.; Levitz, P. Water dynamics in ionomer membranes by field-cycling NMR relaxometry. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 5439–5444. [CrossRef] 18. Termonia, Y. Nanoscale modeling of the structure of perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes at varying degrees of swelling. Polymer 2007, 48, 1435–1440. [CrossRef] 19. Alberti, G.; Narducci, R.; Di Vona, M.L.; Giancola, S. More on Nafion conductivity decay at temperatures higher than 80 ◦C: Preparation and first characterization of in-plane oriented layered morphologies. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2013, 52, 10418– 10424. [CrossRef] 20. Alberti, G.; Narducci, R. Evolution of permanent deformations (ormemory) in nafion 117membranes with changes in temperature, relative humidity and time, and its importancein the development of medium temperature PEMFCs. Fuel Cells 2009, 9, 410– 420. [CrossRef] 21. Alberti, G.; Di Vona, M.L.; Narducci, R. New results on the visco-elastic behaviour of ionomer membranes and relations between T-RH plots and proton conductivity decay of Nafion ® 117 in the range 50–140 ◦C. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 6302–6307. [CrossRef] 22. Narducci, R.; Knauth, P.; Chailan, J.F.; Di Vona, M.L. How to improve Nafion with tailor made annealing. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 27268–27274. [CrossRef] 23. Alberti, G.; Narducci, R.; Di Vona, M.L.; Giancola, S. Preparation and Nc/T plots of un-crystallized Nafion 1100 and semi- crystalline Nafion 1000. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 15908–15912. [CrossRef] 24. Moore, R.B.; Martin, C.R. Chemical and Morphological Properties of Solution-Cast Perfluorosulfonate Ionomers. Macromolecules 1988, 21, 1334–1339. [CrossRef] 25. Gebel, G.; Aldebert, P.; Pineri, M. Structure and Related Properties of Solution-Cast Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Films. Macro- molecules 1987, 20, 1425–1428. [CrossRef] 26. Alberti, G.; Narducci, R.; Di Vona, M.L.; Giancola, S. Annealing of nafion 1100 in the presence of an annealing agent: A powerful method for increasing ionomer working temperature in PEMFCs. Fuel Cells 2013, 13, 42–47. [CrossRef] 27. Young, R.J.; Lovell, P.A. Introduction to Polymers, 3rd ed.; CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2011, ISBN 9781439894156.PDF Image | Morphology of Nafion-Based Membranes Affects Proton Transport
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