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Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review cells operate on electrochemical equivalents, the output/input ratio of these (a smaller value than the heating value ratios) is arguably the most relevant efficiency for these systems. Experimental Development Work Cell Component Development The goal of the cell testing effort was to validate the passive mode of operation and begin characterizing performance, particularly on temperature and gas phase concentration gradients, because the processes are driven by gaseous diffusion. Evolutionary improvements and modifications were made to existing TMI materials specifications, fabrication methods, and cell dimensions to accommodate the new design. For instance, passive cell testing required thicker electrodes and seals than standard TMI cells and larger diameter seals. Thicker oxygen electrodes were fabricated by laminating multiple layers of standard TMI cathode stock. Minor modifications of standard TMI fabrication procedures were sufficient to produce thick fuel electrodes. Larger diameter, thicker seals were made using methods from internally funded programs. A reformulated ink for the fuel electrode/metallic separator interface was inserted into this program after performance was verified. Fifty-percent thinner electrolytes were procured and used in some of the trials. Test Stands Two highly versatile “three-quadrant” test circuits were designed, built, calibrated, and installed capable of testing single cells and stacks up to 12 cells. Table 2 shows the verified modes of operation. The circuits employ active current regulators with power MOSFETs. Several improvements were made to the humidifier assemblies on all five stands to permit more accurate control of composition of hydrogen/steam mixtures. Table 2. Three Quadrant Test Circuit NREL/CP-610-32405 Quadrant Function Voltage Current 1 Normal Fuel Cell 2 Electrolysis 4 Forced Fuel Cell Cell and Stack Development Positive Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive This task was a major part of the work during Phase 2. The program included the fabrication, testing, and analysis of conventional forced-flow cells as well as passive cells and stacks. All measurements were made while operating on hydrogen-steam mixtures plus air. Operating conditions were fuel cell, electrolysis, alternating fuel cell/electrolysis, and forced fuel cell modes. Figure 2 shows data from cells fed with 65% hydrogen/35% steam at two different temperatures. Operation was primarily in electrolysis mode with daily intervals in fuel cell mode. The choice of composition was made to correspond to the approximate midpoint in oxygen potential in a potentially complete system. Characterization at extreme conditions was not considered during this phase. The lack of any offsets or slope changes near zero current shows that no significant activation polarization exists in these cells (in marked contrast to PEM cells). The plot also shows that practical electrolysis current densities (100-200 mA/cm2) required electrolysis voltages under 4PDF Image | Nafion Resins: Novel Device Applications
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