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Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review 1.1 Volts --- far lower than PEM electrolyzers (which typically operate near 1.9 Volts) -- thus enabling higher electrolysis efficiencies when using TMI solid oxide cells. 35% Steam, 65% H2O 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -300 -150 Current Density (mA/cm2) 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 NREL/CP-610-32405 1000oC 925oC 0 150 300 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% % Water FIGURE 2. REVERSIBLE CELL VOLTAGE VS CURRENT DENSITY Notwithstanding considerable variation among tests, trends were consistent for similar materials and construction. The most likely source of variability was fabrication quality and processing parameters. Because of the short program duration, only a few sets of fabrication conditions were explored. Finding an optimal set of fabrication conditions is essential for reproducible results. The ratio of fuel cell to electrolysis voltage at the same cell current and hydrogen/steam feed composition is sometimes called reversible cell efficiency. It is a measure of the maximum possible energy storage efficiency for a reversible system using the cell (system efficiencies will be lower than cell efficiencies). The highest reversible cell efficiency observed was 90.8% (at 925°C and 50 mA/cm2). Development using Passive Cells and Stacks Testing of passive cells and stacks was performed using cells and stacks with large seals to isolate the fuel and air circuits from each other. The majority of the tests were conducted in fuel cell mode, since experimental results indicated that ASR requirements are similar (figure 2 above) in either case and tests in fuel cell mode were more easily completed. Both single cells and 5-cell stacks were tested, with encouraging results. The best of the trials exhibited ASR values comparable to TMI forced flow cells. Notably, the best tests showed a rate of performance decline with time comparable to current TMI forced flow cells. One of the 5- Range of Testing 925oC 1000oC 5 Voltage (V) Nernst Potential (H2/H2O,V)PDF Image | Nafion Resins: Novel Device Applications
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