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Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review concepts were considered that included options to improve capacity factor and considered producing hydrogen as a commodity useful for other applications. Alternate Reversible System Concept During Phase II, a modular system design concept was studied. The block diagram in Figure 4 shows two thermally integrated devices operating in steady state. The first is a passive solid- oxide fuel cell system operating on natural gas producing heat and electricity. The second is a solid-state electrolyzer that consumes electricity and waste heat from the SOFC system while producing hydrogen from pure steam. Supplemental input electric power (when available) could come from wind, photovoltaic, or other sources (e.g., inexpensive grid power). Natural gas (or propane) fuel would be used as needed. Ambient air and water from an automatic purifier would comprise the remaining inputs. NREL/CP-610-32405 Electric Power Natural Gas Water Air AC Power Hydrogen Hot Water Exhaust TMI Reversible Fuel Cell System FIGURE 4. SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM It is assumed the AC power is being produced for local needs, with possible sale of surplus power to the grid. It is assumed high pressure (e.g., 5000 psi) pure hydrogen is being produced for later use in vehicles after temporary storage in adjacent tanks. Hot water would be produced as a useful byproduct when operating from natural gas fuel. The exhaust would be extremely clean and CO2 emissions would be minimized during operation due to the high efficiency of the system. Complete systems assembled from two or more identical modules would have the added benefits of redundancy and ease of service. In multiples, overall system capacities could range from an individual residence to large vehicle filling stations or “power parks”. Energy storage is supplanted by producing hydrogen at steady state for later use in vehicles instead, thereby eliminating “round trips” and increasing overall efficiency. The technology has the potential for serving “premium power” requirements, defined as a power source having very high availability and power quality. For example, a system with 99.999% availability (“five nines”) will average only five (5) minutes per year power outage. High power quality includes good voltage and frequency regulation and low harmonic content (electrical noise). Availability can be tailored by varying the number of redundant modules and optimizing installation details. Individual module sizes are being considered from 1 to 30 kW. For each kilowatt of capacity, a module could produce up to 1.0 AC kilowatt or up to 12.1 scfh of hydrogen (enough to power expected fuel cell cars for 21,200 miles per year) or a proportion of both. The fuel cell subsystem would operate at atmospheric pressure and the electrolysis subsystem would 7PDF Image | Nafion Resins: Novel Device Applications
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