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Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review operate up to 5000 psi. The battery pack would provide high power when needed for load following and surges, but requires only a small energy storage capacity. Mechanical auxiliary devices include a high-pressure water pump and compact heat exchangers. For some applications, an electrolyzer-only module could be offered, operating on DC input power plus water and delivering high pressure pure hydrogen. Such a module would have much lower installed cost than the above but the same DC to hydrogen efficiency given in Table 4. Both the fuel cell and electrolyzer subsystems would use TMI’s passive solid oxide stacks (patent pending), which are capable of achieving very high efficiencies in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes. Projected Performance Efficiencies cited in the Table 3 use the lower heating value (LHV) of natural gas as customary for reporting fuel cell efficiencies. Hydrogen production efficiencies use the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid water, equal to the higher heating value (HHV) of hydrogen. The energy efficiency value includes both electrical and thermal outputs (thermal outputs produced only when natural gas is being used). The values cited are current estimates of mature system efficiencies. Table 3. Projected System Efficiencies Renewable DC to AC 96% 96% Natural Gas to AC 72% 65% 97% Renewable DC to Hydrogen 95% 95% Natural Gas to Hydrogen 83% 75% 97% The natural gas to AC efficiency is higher than assumed in Phase I due to updated fuel cell subsystem design concepts and experimental data. The Renewable DC to Hydrogen (electrolyzer only) efficiency of 95% exceeds the Hydrogen Program goal of 92%. The Natural Gas to Hydrogen mode employs both fuel cell and electrolyzer subsystems. The proposed modules would be capable of mixed mode operation for both inputs and outputs, i.e. both natural gas and electric power may be input in varying proportions with simultaneous outputs consisting of AC power, hydrogen, and hot water. A computer based controller would dynamically adjust operation based upon operating sensors, hydrogen inventory level, and user preferences. System efficiencies will vary with module size, with smaller modules being slightly lower than the Table 3 values. Tradeoffs will also occur between efficiency and capital cost, which will be analyzed further once more data is available. As energy costs rise, higher efficiencies are more easily cost justified. Cost Calculations Unit costs for producing electric power and hydrogen were calculated using a greenfield build- up assuming the following factors: NREL/CP-610-32405 Operating Mode Electrical Efficiency at 60% Output Electrical Efficiency at 100% Output Energy Efficiency 8PDF Image | Nafion Resins: Novel Device Applications
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