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Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review this is based upon the average availability of each individual module and the use of grid connection to permit full capacity operation. The credit for hot water usage is calculated using avoided fuel cost. Accounting Assumptions Accounting assumptions include the annual capital charge rate (percentage of installed cost), property taxes and insurance, other taxes and credits not otherwise included, and other allocated costs. The annual capital charge rate often reflects the expected useful life of the equipment (design life will be 20 years), forecast net salvage value, and sometimes financing costs. Actual prices for fuel and utility power are assumed to vary (sometimes markedly) with time. Annual maintenance costs, taxes, insurance, and allocated costs may also be time dependent. General inflation as well as evolutionary technology advances could play a role in some of these costs. It is customary to speak of “levelized” cost of electricity, meaning the cost calculated using predicted 20-year averages for each quantity. The examples below all calculate levelized costs, with sensitivities of selected parameters. An annual capital charge rate of 7% of installed cost per year is used (based on 20 year life, no salvage value, straight line depreciation, plus property taxes and insurance). Cost Calculation Examples The example in Table 4 shows very attractive costs for hydrogen (as low as 2.0 cents per mile total and 1.0 cents variable) and for AC power (4.5 cents per kWh total and 2.2 cents variable cost). The cost of hydrogen from renewable power is strongly dependent upon the cost of this power: the fixed costs of hydrogen production from renewables are only 1.0 cents per mile. The Table 4 example costs compare with the DOE Hydrogen Program goals[1] as follows: Table 4. Costs and Efficiency Comparisons NREL/CP-610-32405 Parameter DOE Goal TMI Projection* Pressurized H2 at refueling $12-15/MM BTU station from fossil fuels $14.26 $14.41 $265. Renewable-based production Electrolyzer cost Electrolyzer efficiency H2 $10-15/MM BTU < $300./kW > 92% *using $5.00/mcf natural gas cost, 2 cents/kWh renewable power cost and other 95% assumptions The exact balance of grid input and output power as used in the above table may be impractical in many applications. Where utility attitudes and power buying prices are favorable, net power sales to the utility will generate revenues and hence lower effective costs for hydrogen and/or power production. Since each cost component in the table above varies in the expected manner with the assumptions used, sensitivity effects may be obtained using different proportions. For example, both fuel cost and thermal credit vary directly with natural gas price. Annual capital cost is proportional to annual capital charges rate and installed cost. Figures 6-8 show the effect of input cost upon AC power and hydrogen cost. 11PDF Image | Nafion Resins: Novel Device Applications
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