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Figure 2. Process Energy Requirements Breakdown of energy contributions for the processes of direct air capture, electrochemical regeneration with BPMED, and electrochemical production of CO and H2 from CO2 and H2O. Values for energy consumption are estimated to be 13 kJ/mol for direct air capture40 and 215 kJ/mol for the BPMED.41 Also shown are the comparative energy requirements for a process releasing CO2 from a capture solvent and needing to pressurize CO and H2 prior to methanol synthesis. In a parallel process, H2 is produced via water electrolysis (Equation 4), again under a pressure of 50 bar. Because of the stoichiometry required for MeOH synthesis, two H2 molecules will be required for every CO molecule. While water electrolyzers are more technically established than CO2 electrolyzers, both units are targeting overall energy efficiencies of roughly 70%.13,45–47 Recent work by the Kenis group using glycerol oxidation for the anodic reaction for example has also recently shown higher CO electrolyzer energetic efficiencies by removing the energy-intensive water oxidation step.48 Using an assumed 70% efficiency for both electrolyzers with water oxidation as the anodic reaction, the energy required for water and CO2 electrolysis is then 816 kJ/mol CO2 and 404 kJ/mol CO2, respec- tively (see Supplemental Information for calculation). The overall energy efficiency of syngas production (CO + 2H2) from CO2 (400 ppm) and H2O under ambient condi- tions (Equation 6) is then shown to be ~60% following from the combined perfor- mance of CO production (Equations 2 and 3) and H2 production (Equation 4) (see Supplemental Information): CO2 from air at 400 ppm + 2H2OðlÞ/COðgÞ + 2H2ðgÞ + 1:5O2ðgÞ (Equation 6) At this point in the process, both CO and H2 have been produced at pressure from their initially ambient environmental conditions. The synthesis gas with a 1:2 CO to H2 ratio can now be converted in the standard MeOH synthesis process described above using a standard Cu/ZnO-based catalyst. The efficiency of this individual sub-process is about 83%, which is determined by the exothermicity of the MeOH synthesis from synthesis gas. With the energy requirements of all sub-processes defined, the overall efficiency of the MeOH synthesis plant can now be determined. The overall efficiency can be defined as the higher heating value (HHV) of the MeOH (22.7 GJ/ton MeOH) pro- duced, normalized by the required input of electrical energy. The main electricity consuming steps in the process are related to the capture of CO2 through BPMED and the separate electrochemical steps for producing H2 and CO. To get an idea Joule 3, 1822–1834, August 21, 2019 1827PDF Image | Pathways to Industrial Scale Fuel from CO2 Electrolysis
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