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pass through the capture area Vair ;req = 1 mair mCO2 ;req . The outlet of the capture rair mCO2 ;air hcap unit would then contain 200 ppm of CO2 with these assumptions. The frontal surface area, A, required can then be found as a function of the wind ve- locity across the face. Taking an average assumed wind speed of 2 m/s in Equation 8, the expected cross-sectional area of fans required to capture the required CO2 from the air is then on the order of 0.22 km2. Higher wind speeds than this are possible (the average onshore wind speeds in the Netherlands are >6 m/s),51 which would reduce the capture area required. This process, however, assumes continuous oper- ation and does not take air speed slowdown due to the structure and process into account. Therefore, the necessary capture area can be defined as Acapture = Volume of air required per day m2 ; (Equation 8) Vwind where vwind is the velocity of the wind and the surface area A is expressed in m2. Note that with the proposed capture system and parameters, the CO2 captured per year per unit of capture area is ~22.7 tons CO2/m2/year (at 13,750 tons CO2/day and a 0.22 km2 capture area). This value is similar to that reported by Climework’s amine- based capture plant in Zurich (900 tons CO2/year over ~40 m2 frontal area = 22.5 tons CO2/m2/year).52 To power the electrochemical systems in this MeOH plant, it will also be necessary to have a large renewable energy source. From the above estimation of 1,435 kJ/mol CO2 converted, a 10,000 ton/day MeOH plant will then require a continuous electri- cal power source of 5.19 GW. To get an idea of the dimensions of the solar farm required to power such a solar MeOH plant, we assume that the process is driven by photovoltaic panels. As an example, here, we approximate the photovoltaic installation size that would be needed to provide the total amount of energy to run the plant, independent of storage needs between the intermittent energy sour- ces and the continuous downstream MeOH synthesis. From the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL’s) PVWatts solar calculator tool, the average annual solar irradiation in Amsterdam, for example, would be 3.67 kWh/m2/day using a 2-axis tracking solar array. Assuming a solar panel effi- ciency of 20%, this equates to an average energy output of 30.6 W/m2 of solar panels over the year. This implies that for a global-scale plant, producing 10,000 tons MeOH/day, the minimum area of PV panels will need to be around 170.2 km2 (see Supplemental Information for further details). Reports from NREL, however, show that an additional amount of indirect land use is required, meaning that only about 70% of a solar park’s land will be capturing solar energy.53 Taking this additional consideration into account, a land area of 243.1 km2 is needed to meet the minimum energy requirements for the MeOH plant. A comparison between the surface areas required for CO2 capture and power supply reveals that for all practical purposes, the area of the photovoltaic panels will be at least two to three orders of magnitude larger than the effective area of the CO2 capture unit. A separate order of scale calculation that provides perspective on future industrial electrochemical processes is the approximate catalyst area that will be needed in CO2 electrolyzers. Most current research takes places on the scale of 1 cm2, or 0.0001 m2 , while several papers in the literature have used various systems to reach CO2 to CO current densities in the realm of 0.4 A/cm2, with varying faradic Joule 3, 1822–1834, August 21, 2019 1829PDF Image | Pathways to Industrial Scale Fuel from CO2 Electrolysis
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