PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 004
Polymers 2019, 11, 914 Polymers 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 10 4 of 10 powder is reported in Figure 1b. It is evident that the method adopted leads to the development of spherical particles of the metal oxide. These particles have An SEM image of the TiO -SO An SEM image of the TiO2-SO4 powder is reported in Figure 1b. It is evident that the method adopted leads to the development of spherical particles of the metal oxide. These particles have a a homogeneous size distribution at the sub-micrometric range, with some possible aggregates, homogeneous size distribution at the sub-micrometric range, with some possible aggregates, as as highlighted by the red circles. highlighted by the red circles. In order to evaluate the amount of sulfate groups on the powder sample, a thermo-gravimetric In order to evaluate the amount of sulfate groups on the powder sample, a thermo-gravimetric analysis was carried out under air in a temperature range between 25 ◦C and 1000 ◦C and reported analysis was carried out under air in a temperature range between 25 °C and 1000 °C and reported in Figure 2, both as thermo-gravimetric (TG) and derivative thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curves. in Figure 2, both as thermo-gravimetric (TG) and derivative thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curves. Below Below 400 ◦C, dehydration and removal of chemisorbed hydroxyl groups occur. Another important 400 °C, dehydration and removal of chemisorbed hydroxyl groups occur. Another important mass mass loss is observed between 400 ◦C and 800 ◦C, due to the removal of sulfate groups, bonded on the loss is observed between 400 °C and 800 °C, due to the removal of sulfate groups, bonded on the surface of titanium oxide. This loss is ca. 17%, as reported also in Figure 2, revealing an important surface of titanium oxide. This loss is ca. 17%, as reported also in Figure 2, revealing an important sulfation degree, much higher than others previously reported [9,12,19,21] and suggesting very high sulfation degree, much higher than others previously reported [9,12,19,21] and suggesting very high surface acidity. It is worth noticing that such removal of sulfate groups occurs at temperature values surface acidity. It is worth noticing that such removal of sulfate groups occurs at temperature values very close to those chosen for the calcination of the sulfated powder, i.e., 550 ◦C. This confirms that the very close to those chosen for the calcination of the sulfated powder, i.e., 550 °C. This confirms that detected sulfate content from TGA refers to strongly bounded groups on the oxide surface. the detected sulfate content from TGA refers to strongly bounded groups on the oxide surface. 100 95 90 85 80 17 % 800 1000 Weight / % Derivate Weight / % s-1 200 400 600 Temperature / °C Figure 2. Thermo-gravimetric (black curve) and derivative thermo-gravimetric (DTG, blue curve) analysisofTiO-SO powder. Figure 2. Therm2 o-g4ravimetric (black curve) and derivative thermo-gravimetric (DTG, blue curve) analysis of TiO2-SO4 powder. Ion exchange capacity tests have been done on the powder to evaluate the number of acidic protons. The IEC estimated was 2.9 ± 0.09 meq/g, a very high value, even higher than that of Nafion Ion exchange capacity tests have been done on the powder to evaluate the number of acidic itself, that is 0.9 meq/g (calculated as the reciprocal of the equivalent weight of the Nafion polymer protons. The IEC estimated was 2.9 ± 0.09 meq/g, a very high value, even higher than that of Nafion here adopted). This confirms an outstanding acidity, due to the high sulfate groups content observed itself, that is 0.9 meq/g (calculated as the reciprocal of the equivalent weight of the Nafion polymer in the TGA analysis. here adopted). This confirms an outstanding acidity, due to the high sulfate groups content observed The value of the specific surface area of TiO2 -SO4 powder, obtained by BET analysis, is 26 ± 1 m2 g−1 in the TGA analysis. and the sample shows the highest distribution of the pore size around 80 Å (data not shown here), The value of the specific surface area of TiO2-SO4 powder, obtained by BET analysis, is 26 ± 1 revealing a dense mesoporous powder with a low concentration of free volume. The value of the m2g-1 and the sample shows the highest distribution of the pore size around 80 Å (data not shown surface area here detected is quite low with respect to other similar systems [21] and can be justified here), revealing a dense mesoporous powder with a low concentration of free volume. The value of considering the high sulfur content, bound on the surface of the oxide, occupying the free volume of the surface area here detected is quite low with respect to other similar systems [21] and can be pores and creating strong polar interactions at the particles surface level. justified considering the high sulfur content, bound on the surface of the oxide, occupying the free volume of pores and creating strong polar interactions at the particles surface level. 3.2. Characterization of the Composite Membranes 3.2. CThhareactoemrizpaotsioitnionf tohfetChoempeomsitberManeemsbhreanresinvestigated and their thickness are reported in Table 1. The appearance of a typical composite membrane is also shown in the table. All the composite The composition of the membranes here investigated and their thickness are reported in Table membranes results are opaque white, due to the inorganic filler particles, whereas plain Nafion (N) is 1. The appearance of a typical composite membrane is also shown in the table. All the composite transparent. All the membranes were realized with uniform thickness, measured in the dry state in the membranes results are opaque white, due to the inorganic filler particles, whereas plain Nafion (N) order of 100 μm. is transparent. All the membranes were realized with uniform thickness, measured in the dry state in the order of 100 μm. Table 1. Composition and thickness of the investigated membranes.PDF Image | Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Based on Nafion Fuel Cell
PDF Search Title:
Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Based on Nafion Fuel CellOriginal File Name Searched:
polymers-11-00914.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)