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Polymers 2019, 11, 914 9 of 10 10. Saccà, A.; Carbone, A.; Passalacqua, A.; D’Epifanio, A.; Licoccia, S.; Traversa, E.; Sala, E.; Traini, F.; Ornelas, R. Nafion—TiO2 hybrid membranes for medium temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2005, 152, 16–21. [CrossRef] 11. Adjemian, K.T.; Dominey, R.; Krishnan, L.; Ota, H.; Majsztrik, P.; Zhang, T.; Mann, J.; Kirby, B.; Gatto, L.; Velo-Simpson, M.; et al. Function and characterization of metal oxide-Nafion composite membranes for elevated-temperature H2/O2 PEM fuel cells. Chem. Mat. 2006, 18, 2238–2248. [CrossRef] 12. Branchi, M.; Sgambetterra, M.; Pettiti, I.; Panero, S.; Navarra, M.A. Functionalized Al2O3 particles as additives in proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy 2015, 40, 14757–14767. [CrossRef] 13. Lufrano, F.; Baglio, V.; Di Blasi, O.; Staiti, P.; Antonucci, V.; Aricò, A.S. Solid polymer electrolyte based on sulfonated polysulfone membranes and acidic silica for direct methanol fuel cells. Solid State Ion. 2012, 216, 90–94. [CrossRef] 14. Antonucci, V.; Di Blasi, A.; Baglio, V.; Ornelas, R.; Matteucci, F.; Ledesma-Garcia, J.; Arriaga, L.G.; Aricò, A.S. High temperature operation of a composite membrane-based solid polymer electrolyte water electrolyser. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 7350–7735. [CrossRef] 15. Nikhil, H.J.; Dunn, K.; Datta, R. Synthesis and characterization of Nafion® -MO2 (M = Zr, Si, Ti) nanocomposite membranes for higher temperature PEM fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 51, 553–560. [CrossRef] 16. Arico, A.S.; Baglio, V.; Di Blasi, A.; Creti, P.; Antonucci, P.L.; Antonucci, V. Influence of the acid-base characteristics of inorganic fillers on the high temperature performance of composite membranes in direct methanol fuel cells. Solid State Ion. 2003, 152, 251–265. [CrossRef] 17. Krishnakumar, B.; Velmurugan, R.; Swaminathan, M. TiO2–SO42− as a novel solid acid catalyst for highly efficient, solvent free and easy synthesis of chalcones under microwave irradiation. Catal. Commun. 2011, 12, 375–379. [CrossRef] 18. Navarra, M.A.; Croce, F.; Scrosati, B. New, high temperature superacid zirconia-doped NafionTM composite membranes. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 3210–3215. [CrossRef] 19. Allodi, V.; Brutti, S.; Giarola, M.; Sgambetterra, M.; Navarra, M.A.; Panero, S.; Mariotto, G. Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of A Nanosized Sulfated TiO2 Filler and of Nanocomposite Nafion Membranes. Polymers 2016, 8, 68. [CrossRef] 20. Nicotera, I.; Kosma, V.; Simari, C.; Ranieri, G.A.; Sgambetterra, M.; Panero, S.; Navarra, M.A. An NMR study on the molecular dynamic and exchange effects in composite Nafion/sulfated titania membranes for PEMFCs. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2015, 40, 14651–14660. [CrossRef] 21. Sgambetterra, M.; Panero, S.; Hassoun, J.; Navarra, M.A. Hybrid membranes based on sulphated titania nanoparticles as low cost proton conductors. Ionics 2013, 19, 1203–1206. [CrossRef] 22. Gierke, T.D.; Hsu, W.Y. The Cluster-Network Model of Ion Clustering in Perfluorosulfonated Membranes. In Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes; Eisemberg, A., Yeager, H.L., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 1982; Volume 180, pp. 283–307. ISBN 13: 9780841206984. 23. Slade, S.M.; Ralph, T.R.; de Ponce León, C.; Campbell, S.A.; Walsh, F.C. The Ionic Conductivity of a Nafion® 1100 Series of Proton-exchange Membranes Re-cast from Butan-1-ol and Propan-2-ol. Fuel Cells 2010, 10, 567–574. [CrossRef] 24. Neelakandan, S.; Kanagaraj, P.; Nagendran, A.; Rana, D.; Matsuura, T.; Muthumeenal, A. Enhancing proton conduction of sulfonated poly (phenylene ether ether sulfone) membrane by charged surface modifying macromolecules for H2/O2 fuel cells. Renew. Energy 2015, 78, 306–313. [CrossRef] 25. Tadano, K.; Hirasawa, E.; Yamamoto, H.; Yano, S. Order-disorder transition of ionic clusters in ionomers. Macromolecules 1989, 22, 226–233. [CrossRef] 26. D’Epifanio, A.; Navarra, M.A.; Weise, C.; Mecheri, B.; Farrington, J.; Licoccia, S.; Greenbaum, S. Composite Nafion/Sulfated Zirconia Membranes: Effect of the Filler Surface Properties on Proton Transport Characteristics. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 813–821. [CrossRef] 27. Lage, L.G.; Delgado, P.G.; Kawano, Y. Thermal stability and decomposition of Nafion® membranes with different cations. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2004, 75, 521–530. [CrossRef] 28. Almeida, S.H.; Kawano, Y. Thermal behavior of Nafion membranes. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 1999, 58, 569–577. [CrossRef] 29. Sgambetterra, M.; Brutti, S.; Allodi, V.; Mariotto, G.; Panero, S.; Navarra, M.A. Critical Filler Concentration in Sulfated Titania-Added NafionTM Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. Energies 2016, 9, 272. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Based on Nafion Fuel Cell
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