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Polymers 2021, 13, 1386 12 of 14 References 4. Conclusions Here, a useful approach to mitigate methanol crossover and its impact on DMFC performance was presented. The approach did not involve the use of thicker membranes, as conventionally used to decrease methanol crossover, but a proper tailoring of the characteristics of fillers used for the fabrication of composite membranes. Furthermore, a low cost sulfonated polysulfone was employed to reduce the cost of polymer electrolyte membranes and increase the efficiency of DMFC. The composite membrane based on sulfonated polysulfone and acidic silica allows to reduce methanol cross-over of about 50% respect to the pristine membrane, making it a good candidate to be used as composite polymer electrolyte membrane for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, F.L. and I.N.; methodology, all the Authors contributed; formal analysis, C.S. and F.L.; investigation, C.S. and F.L.; writing—original draft preparation, I.N., V.B. and F.L.; writing—review and editing, V.B. and F.L.; supervision, I.N. and A.S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: There is no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Goor, M.; Menkin, S.; Peled, E. High power direct methanol fuel cell for mobility and portable applications. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2019, 44, 3138–3143. [CrossRef] 2. Hardman, S.; Chandan, A.; Steinberger-Wilckens, R. Fuel cell added value for early market applications. J. Power Sources 2015, 287, 297–306. [CrossRef] 3. Baglio, V.; Stassi, A.; Matera, F.V.; Antonucci, V.; Aricò, A.S. Investigation of passive DMFC mini-stacks at ambient temperature. Electrochim. Acta 2009, 54, 2004–2009. [CrossRef] 4. Aricò, A.S.; Baglio, V.; Antonucci, V. Direct methanol fuel cells: History, status and perspectives. In Electrocatalysis of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: From Fundamentals to Applications; Zhang, T.J., Liu, H.S., Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2009; Volume 1, pp. 1–78. 5. Agnolucci, P. Economics and market prospects of portable fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32, 4319–4328. [CrossRef] 6. Mehmood, A.; Scibioh, M.A.; Prabhuram, J.; An, M.-G.; Ha, H.Y. A review on durability issues and restoration techniques in long-term operations of direct methanol fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2015, 297, 224–241. [CrossRef] 7. Kim, Y.S.; Zelenay, P. Direct methanol fuel cell durability. In Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability; Buchi, F.N., Inaba, M., Schmidt, T.J., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 223–240. 8. Karimi, M.B.; Mohammadi, F.; Hooshyari, K. Recent approaches to improve Nafion performance for fuel cell applications: A review. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2019, 44, 28919–28938. [CrossRef] 9. Sebastián, D.; Serov, A.; Matanovic, I.; Artyushkova, K.; Atanassov, P.; Aricò, A.S.; Baglio, V. Insights on the extraordinary tolerance to alcohols of Fe-N-C cathode catalysts in highly performing direct alcohol fuel cells. Nano Energy 2017, 34, 195–204. [CrossRef] 10. Lufrano, F.; Baglio, V.; Staiti, P.; Antonucci, V.; Arico’, A.S. Performance analysis of polymer electrolyte membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2013, 243, 519–534. [CrossRef] 11. Lo Vecchio, C.; Serov, A.; Romero, H.; Lubers, A.; Zulevi, B.; Aricò, A.S.; Baglio, V. Commercial platinum group metal-free cathodic electrocatalysts for highly performed direct methanol fuel cell applications. J. Power Sources 2019, 437, 226948. [CrossRef] 12. Lo Vecchio, C.; Sebastián, D.; Lázaro, M.J.; Aricò, A.S.; Baglio, V. Methanol-tolerant M–N–C catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions in acidic media and their application in direct methanol fuel cells. Catalysts 2018, 8, 650. [CrossRef] 13. He, G.; Li, Z.; Zhao, J.; Wang, S.; Wu, H.; Guiver, M.D.; Jiang, Z. Nanostructured Ion-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 5280–5295. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 14. Fu, Y.; Li, W.; Manthiram, A. Sulfonated polysulfone with 1,3-1H-dibenzimidazole-benzene additive as a membrane for direct methanol fuel cells. J. Membrane Sci. 2008, 310, 262–267. [CrossRef] 15. Yun, S.; Parrondo, J.; Ramani, V. Composite sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) membranes with 3-(Trihydroxysilyl)-1- Propanesulfonic acid for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). ECS Trans. 2013, 50, 1233–1245. [CrossRef] 16. Lufrano, F.; Baglio, V.; Staiti, P.; Arico’, A.S.; Antonucci, V. Polymer electrolytes based on sulfonated polysulfone for direct methanol fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2008, 179, 34–41. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Properties of Methanol Transport for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
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