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2344 SATTERFIELD ET AL. 8. 9. The resistance of Nafion and Nafion/TiO2 membranes increased when they were com- pressed. The resistance increase was con- sistent with the elastic compression of the membrane. Increasing and decreasing the compression of the membranes resulted in hysteresis of the resistance. Membranes compressed to the same pressure had differ- ent resistance depending on whether the pressure was increased or decreased. Water sorption by Nafion-based membranes results in a swelling pressure. The swelling pressure of a Nafion 115 membrane at 100% RH and 80 8C was 0.55 MPa. 10. Kreuer, K. D. J Membr Sci 2001, 185, 29–39. 11. Choi, P.; Jalani, N. H.; Datta, R. J Electrochem Soc E 2005, 152, 84–89. 12. Morris, D. R.; Sun, X. D. J Appl Polym Sci 1993, 50, 1445–1452. 13. Chen, S. L.; Bocarsly, A. B.; Benziger, J. J Power Sources 2005, 152, 27–33. 14. Aldebert, P.; Guglielmi, M.; Pineri, M. Polym J 1991, 23, 399–406. 15. Benziger,J.;Chia,E.;Moxley,J.F.;Kevrekidis,I.G. Chem Eng Sci 2005, 60, 1743–1759. 16. Escoubes, M.; Pineri, M.; Robens, E. Thermochim Acta 1984, 82, 149–160. 17. Bauer, F.; Denneler, S.; Willert-Porada, M. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 2005, 43, 786–795. 18. Pineri,M.ACSSympSer1986,302,159–174. 19. Jalani,N.H.;Datta,R.JMembrSci2005,264,167– 175. 20. Yeo, S. C.; Eisenberg, A. J Appl Polym Sci 1977, 21, 875–898. 21. Hinatsu, J. T.; Mizuhata, M.; Takenaka, H. J Elec- trochem Soc 1994, 141, 1493–1498. 22. Zook, L. A.; Leddy, J. Anal Chem 1996, 68, 3793– 3796. 23. Lee, W. K.; Ho, C. H.; Van Zee, J. W.; Murthy, M. J Power Sources 1999, 84, 45–51. 24. Adjemian, K. T.; Lee, S. J.; Srinivasan, S.; Benziger, J.; Bocarsly, A. B. J Electrochem Soc A 2002, 149, 256–261. 25. Antonucci, P. L.; Arico, A. S.; Creti, P.; Ramunni, E.; Antonucci, V. Solid State Ionics 1999, 125, 431–437. 26. Doyle, M.; Choi, S.; Proulx, G. J Electrochem Soc 2000, 147, 34–37. 27. Grot, W. G.; Rajendran, G. Membranes Containing Inorganic Fillers and Membrane and Electrode Assemblies and Electrochemical Cells Employing Same; United States, US Patent No 5919583, July 6, 1999. 28. Honma, I.; Hirakawa, S.; Yamada, K.; Bae, J. M. Solid State Ionics 1999, 118, 29–36. 29. Lee, S. J.; et al. The Electrochemical Society Me- eting; Electrochemical Society: Toronto, Canada, 2000. 30. Malhotra, S.; Datta, R. J Electrochem Soc L 1997, 144, 23–26. 31. Mauritz,K.A.MaterSciEng1998,6,121–133. 32. Miyake, N.; Wainright, J. S.; Savinell, R. F. J Elec- trochem Soc A 2001, 148, 898–904. 33. Murphy, O. J.; Cisar, A. J. Composite Membrane Suitable for Use in Electrochemical Devices; United States, Patent No 6,059,943; May 9, 2000. 34. Si, Y.; Lin, J.-C.; Kunz, H. R.; Fenton, J. M. Meeting of the Electrochemical Society; Electrochemical So- ciety: Philadelphia, 2002. 35. Honma, I.; Nishikawa, O.; Sugimoto, T.; Nomura, S.; Nakajima, H. Fuel Cells 2002, 2, 52–58. 36. Adjemian, K. T.; Srinivasan, S.; Benziger, J.; Bocarsly, A. B. J Power Sources 2002, 109, 356– 364. Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics 10. The swelling pressure of Nafion was not very sensitive to the temperature. The enthalpy of water absorption into Nafion was 20 kJ/mol on the basis of the swelling pressure. The results show that the mechanical properties of Nafion-based membranes will impact the dynamic performance of PEM fuel cells, especially during startup when the membranes swell as they absorb water. The results did not reveal any direct con- nection between the mechanical properties of com- posite membranes and their improved perform- ance in PEM fuel cells. The authors thank the National Science Foundation (CTS-0354279 and DMR-0213707 through the Materials Research and Science Engineering Center at Princeton) for its support of this work. REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Fuel Cell Systems; Blomen, L. J. M. J.; Mugerwa, M. N., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1993; p 614. 2. EG&G Services. Fuel Cell Handbook; U.S. Depart- ment of Energy: Morgantown, WV, 2000; p 312. 3. Srinivasan, S.; Dave, B. B.; Murugesamoorthi, K. A.; Parthasarathy, A.; Appleby, A. J. In Fuel Cell Systems; Blomen, L. J. M. J.; Mugerwa, M. N., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1993; pp 37–72. 4. Yang, C.; Costamagna, P.; Srinivasan, S.; Benziger, J.; Bocarsly, A. B. J Power Sources 2001, 103, 1–9. 5. Malhotra, S.; Datta, R. J Electrochem Soc L 1997, 144, 23–26. 6. Doyle, M.; Choi, S.; Proulx, G. J Electrochem Soc 2000, 147, 34–37. 7. Alberti, G.; Casciola, M.; Palombari, R. J Membr Sci 2000, 172, 233–239. 8. Mauritz, K. A.; Payne, J. T. J Membr Sci 2000, 168, 39–51. 9. Gebel, G.; Aldebert, P.; Pineri, M. Polymer 1993, 34, 333–339. DOI 10.1002/polbPDF Image | Properties of Nafion and Titania Nafion Composite Membranes
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