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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Predicted maritime CO2 Emissions over the next three and a half decades: The top lines illustrate what could happen if nothing is done to reduce emissions; the bottom lines illustrate result of a 60% efficiency improvement and use of non-fossil fuels. ....................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 2.1: The relationship between electrolysis and its reverse reaction, the reaction that occurs in hydrogen fuel cells. Left: Electrolysis of water; Right: Fuel Cell Reaction; Note that the current flows in opposite directions. .......................................................... 20 Figure 2.2 Visual graphic of the individual plates that make up a fuel cell stack; note that the bipolar plates have channels etched into them for fueling and ventilation (not to scale)........................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 2.3: Thermal efficiency of a Hydrogenics HD-30 PEM fuel cell (thick blue line) and an MTU 16V4000 diesel engine (thin red line) as a function of the partial load. For the HD-30, the maximal power (100% load) is 33 kW. For one of the MTU 16V4000 diesel engines, the maximal power is 1700 kW. The figure assumes a LHV value of hydrogen of 119.96 MJ/kg, and a LHV value for diesel fuel of 43.4 MJ/kg. Figure from Pratt and Klebanoff. ............................................................... 22 Figure 2.4 Specific Power: Based off values from Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 ................................ 24 Figure 2.5 Power Density: Based off values from Table 2.1 and Table 2.2................................. 25 Figure 2.6 Specific Energy for battery modules and systems: Based off of Table 2.4, Table 2.5, and Table 2.6. .......................................................................................................... 29 Figure 2.7 Energy Density of battery modules and systems: Based off Table 2.4, Table 2.5 and Table 2.6.................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 3.1: General power-mass characteristics of common marine diesel engines used today. . 34 Figure 3.2: General power-volume characteristics of common marine diesel engines used today ................................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 3.3 Installed Power of a vessel (MCR) versus the Energy required for a specific route and multiples of that route ............................................................................................. 58 Figure 3.4: Approximate mission energy upper limits of zero emission powertrain technology based on available volume. ..................................................................................... 60 Figure 3.5: Approximate mission energy upper limits of zero emission powertrain technology based on available volume, zoomed in to show detail around the origin................ 60 Figure 3.6: Relationship between estimated available volume and overall vessel displacement showing that one can generally be substituted for the other for purposes of estimating the applicability of different powertrain types to different vessel sizes.61 Figure 3.7: Approximate mission energy upper limits of zero emission powertrain technology based on vessel displacement. ................................................................................. 62 Figure 3.8: Approximate mission energy upper limits of zero emission powertrain technology based on vessel displacement, zoomed in to show some detail near the origin. ..... 62 Figure 3.9: Approximate mission energy upper limits of zero emission powertrain technology based on vessel displacement, zoomed in to show points very close to the origin relevant to small vessels. ......................................................................................... 63 7PDF Image | Regenerative Fuel Cell
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