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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As the demand for fossil fuels continues to increase in our ever industrializing world, these nonrenewable resources will begin to deplete and prices will rise. At the same time, burning fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases (GHGs) and pollutes the air in our atmosphere. Pollution on the level seen in large cities like New York and Shanghai pose a threat to the air we breathe and changes the climate across the world. One major consumer of fossil fuels is the marine industry. Whether it is a fishing vessel off the coast of Alaska or a container ship that steams from Los Angeles to Singapore, the whole industry is dependent upon fuels like diesel and heavy fuel oil. This reliance will not decrease if nothing is done to create a reliable, cleaner source of energy. Among the various clean sources of energy, fuel cells and batteries stand out as possible solutions. Fuel cells powered by either liquid hydrogen (LH2) or compressed hydrogen gas, and batteries are currently commercially available and are scalable to high powers. This study seeks to determine the limits of scaling today’s commercially available technology to maritime vessels considering 14 case studies of various ship sizes and routes. Vessels varied from small fishing vessels and passenger boats on limited routes to the largest cargo ships in the world travelling across the oceans. The method used was to take the specifications of different commercially available fuel cell, hydrogen storage systems, and battery systems and analyze the trends to predict the mass and volume of possible replacements of internal combustion engines (ICEs). Then, limits on how big the overall systems can be were set based the currently available engine and fuel volume and mass on the studied vessel. The results were examined individually and as a whole to look for commonalities and trends. The results showed that all but one of the fourteen vessel case studies can be practically powered by a zero emission fuel cell or battery power plant. The fuel cells proved to be the most versatile and the LH2 fueled fuel cell more so than the 5000 psi. Batteries provided interesting results. They were only possible on the smaller ships and could only provide enough energy to travel one trip. On top of that, in one case they were shown to be more effective than hydrogen fuel cells on vessels that have short voyages but require a relatively high amount power. The limiting factor in all cases was not power generation or energy storage of the technology itself but rather available volume. The results of all case studies were compiled to provide a guide to ship designers to determine early the most suitable types of zero emission powerplants to fit a ship based on its available volume or displacement and the energy requirements of its routes. Ultimately, this was a high level study that uses several approximations, and requires further research to make concrete claims. However, the results show that it is practically feasible to consider zero emission technologies for most types of vessels in the world’s fleet. 11PDF Image | Regenerative Fuel Cell
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