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• Which marine vessels can battery-only systems power and which ones require hydrogen fuel cells using today’s commercially-available technology? • Is there a limit to the power and energy demand hydrogen fuel cells can support with today’s commercially-available technology? • In the aim to reduce the emission of (GHG) by marine vessels, what is the best role for batteries and hydrogen fuel cells in the propulsion plants of marine vessels? This study will attempt to answer those questions to the fullest extent possible. 1.3. Method Overview Determining definitive generalizable limits for zero emission technology on maritime vessels is an impractical goal. It would require generating vessel plans for the entire design space of the tens of thousands permutations of vessel types and missions encountered in the world today and evaluating the feasibility of each. The intent of this study is not to provide definitive limits, but rather to provide a rough guide to the areas in the design space which appear to have higher or lower potential for zero emission technology adoption. With this information, areas that appear favorable can be examined in more detail for near-term deployment efforts, while areas that appear impractical with today’s technology can help define development goals for future deployments. With this more modest goal in mind, rather than examining all possible vessel combinations today, we can drastically reduce the work required by carefully selecting just a few types in use today as representatives of the larger design space. Furthermore, rather than conducting a full design of each of these vessels, we select a specific vessel in service today and perform a simple comparison of power and energy requirements based on overall mass and volume specifications. The results provide vessel designers with an easy-to-use method to quickly estimate suitability of zero emission battery and hydrogen fuel cell power systems for a wide variety of marine vessels. 1.3.1. Battery and Fuel Cell Information Determining the application of batteries and fuel cells begins with understanding how both batteries and fuel cells operate. The process of calculating the approximate mass and volume fuel cell and battery power plants on marine vessels requires compiling data on fuel cell and battery systems that are commercially available today. It is important that the calculated power plants accurately represent commercially available technology to illustrate the practical potential of these clean energy systems today. Specifications needed for battery systems are the dimensions, volume, energy storage capacity, and mass. Not all of those pieces of information were available from every source, so using other specifications such as energy density and specific energy it is simple to calculate the mass and volume. Ultimately, the information captured for each battery system includes manufacturer, model, distinguishing features, energy storage, volume, mass, specific energy, energy density, and whether or not it was a system or module. 16PDF Image | Regenerative Fuel Cell
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