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After the battery data were found, hydrogen fuel cell data were compiled in the same manner. However, fuel cells require an energy storage system, i.e. hydrogen fuel tank, so the calculations require both the fuel cell system and storage specifications. Similar to batteries, the specifications compiled for all fuel cells were as follows: manufacturer, model, power output, volume, mass, specific power, power density, and outfit type (system or module). As a point of clarification, for both the batteries and the fuel cells the mass and volume is significantly greater for systems rather than the single module itself (specific energy/power and power/energy density values were much smaller). Therefore, it is important to note whether the specifications were of the system or module model. Data on fuel cell and battery systems are summarized in section 2.1.4 and 2.2.4. 1.3.2. Vessel Case Studies We selected 14 vessels covering a range of sizes and routes to use as case studies. In each case study several characteristics are used including vessel name, vessel type, Length Overall (LOA), Draft (T), Beam (B), main engine power, max speed, IMO number, a sample voyage length, total voyage time, average voyage speed (SOA – speed of advance), and energy required for voyage. Using various sources of vessel data, the different case studies were compiled. Vessel physical characteristics were used to estimate a maximum mass and volume limit for the powerplant and fuel. No vessel re-design was considered; all case studies used existing layouts. From there one of the zero emission powertrains was sized to meet one voyage or “trip” using energy storage characteristics of the battery system. The mass and volume of this system was compared to the available mass and volume limit calculated for the vessel. If the zero emission system fit within these limits, the number of trips was incremented by 1 and the process repeated until it no longer fit within the limits. 1.3.3. Engine Specifications The limits are one of the most important parts of this study and setting an accurate limit for each vessel is essential to the validity of the data produced by the study. Therefore, to determine the limits on the mass and volume of the battery and fuel cell power plants, the mass and volume of the conventional power plants are needed. Similar to the fuel cell and battery data, the specifications of each engine are manufacturer, model, rated power output, volume, mass, power to weight ratio, and fuel consumption. From there charts of Power vs. Mass, Power vs. Volume, and Fuel Consumption vs. Power were used to develop trend lines that could then be used to find mass, volume, and fuel consumption of all vessels’ engines based on their power output even when specific engine data were not available. 1.3.4. Units Many of the sources consulted for battery specification, fuel cell specifications, and vessel case studies provided information in different units. In order to universalize all the units for ease of calculations and conceptualization all units are in SI: Kilograms (kg) and metric tons (MT) for mass, kilowatts (kW) and megawatts (MW) for power, kilowatt-hours (kWh) and megawatt- hours (MWh) for energy, meters (m) and millimeters (mm) for length, and cubic meters (m3) for volume. 17PDF Image | Regenerative Fuel Cell
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