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2. FUEL CELLS, HYDROGEN, AND BATTERIES This chapter gives brief background of each technology and includes the data used to determine the size and weights of these zero emission powerplant options. 2.1. Fuel Cells 2.1.1. Why fuel cells? Fuel cells are means of producing zero emission power and can have a major impact in the transportation world. Already, some automotive manufactures have developed fuel cell powered cars and buses; however, the marine industry is also a potential application for fuel cells. Throughout history, ships have used almost all types of energy available, from raw human power with oars during the early days of maritime exploration, to wind in the age of sail, to fossil fuels after the industrial revolution exploited the steam engine. Today, fossil fuels are becoming more and more expensive while becoming scarcer across the globe. They also produce excessive amounts of pollution, causing the skylines to fill with smog, thus endangering the prosperity of not only the animal species that inhabit the Earth, but humans as well. In order to replace fossil fuels, alternative power sources must replace the vastly prevalent use of internal combustion engines (ICEs) that rely on fossil fuels for energy. One technology that challenges ICEs is hydrogen powered fuel cells β a clean source of power that utilizes gas or liquid hydrogen to produce electrical energy capable of powering homes, cars, and maritime vessels. 2.1.2. What is a fuel cell and how does it work? This section and the following section, 2.1.3, are an adaptation of Chapter 1 of Fuel Cell Systems Explained by James Larminie and Andrew Dicks2 and Chapter 3 of a Feasibility of the SF- BREEZE: a Zero-Emission, Hydrogen Fuel Cell, High-Speed Passenger Ferry by Joseph Pratt and Leonard Klebanoff.3 On a basic level, a fuel cell is an electrochemical environment that combines gases to produce electrical energy. There are several types of fuel cells, but all rely on the same fundamental process to produce electrical energy. To understand how a fuel cell works, first look at the process of electrolysis: 2π»π»2ππ (ππ) β ππ2 (ππ) + 2π»π»2 (ππ) In this reaction a current supplies the activation energy (EA) while running through water with a dissolved electrolyte in it to produce gaseous oxygen and hydrogen. This is illustrated below on the left side of Figure 2.1. Looking at the physical set up of the reaction, a current carrying wire connects two electrodes made from Platinum (Pt), which are partially submerged in a dilute electrolyte. Pt is a catalyst for this reaction and lowers the activation energy. What is created is a circuit between the two electrodes. If the process is reversed the result is the reaction that takes place in fuel cells: 2 Larminie, James, and Andrew Dicks. Fuel Cell Systems Explained. Sest Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000. 3 J. W. Pratt and L. E. Klebanoff, βFeasibility of the SF-BREEZE: a Zero-Emission, Hydrogen Fuel Cell, High- Speed Passenger Ferry,β Sandia National Laboratories report SAND2016-9719, available at: maritime.sandia.gov. Equation 2.1: 19PDF Image | Regenerative Fuel Cell
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