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Figure 2.2 Visual graphic of the individual plates that make up a fuel cell stack; note that the bipolar plates have channels etched into them for fueling and ventilation (not to scale)5 The electrolyte (noted “PEM” in Figure 2.2) between the cathode and anode is chosen to only allow protons to pass through (prevents air, other gasses, ions, electrons, or anything besides mobile ion [H+] to pass through), and is commonly made of a material called Nafion. This material operates at a low temperature [60 to 80 degrees Celsius] and can withstand a rapid starts and stops without degradation, necessary for transportation power which can frequently change speeds. The bipolar plates have channels etched into them to allow the entrance of either oxygen or hydrogen on each side (depends which side bipolar plate is facing) and the discharge of produced water. In addition, the bipolar plates connect multiple FCs to form a “stack,” and allow the stacks to connect in series to maximize the output. The only waste products are water vapor and heat; a great advantage over conventional ICEs, which produce GHGs and criteria pollutants. ICEs are also less thermally efficient and expel large amounts of heat. The thermal efficiency of a PEMFC is about 50% compared to 30% by diesel ICE and an even greater thermal efficiency can be achieved by taking excess heat and using it elsewhere in the energy production process (combined cycle fuel cell system). In addition, PEMFCs operate at a higher efficiency for a greater range of rated power. As seen in Figure 2.3 fuel cell power plants are most efficient around 25% rated power, and the one way to achieve this on a vessel is to spread the load over the entirety of the power plant so that the FCs are at their optimal rated power. The following describes some advantages of PEMFC technology compared to other fuel cells and to combustion engines: The advantages of a PEMFC over other fuel cells • Lower operating temperature (50-100 degrees C) • Zero emissions when compared to natural gas fuel cells • Faster growing industry due to demand by automobile companies • Superior gravimetric and volumetric power specifications 5 “Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering.” Available from: http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/Reactors/FuelCells/FuelCells.html. 21PDF Image | Regenerative Fuel Cell
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