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Figure 2.3: Thermal efficiency of a Hydrogenics HD-30 PEM fuel cell (thick blue line) and an MTU 16V4000 diesel engine (thin red line) as a function of the partial load. For the HD-30, the maximal power (100% load) is 33 kW. For one of the MTU 16V4000 diesel engines, the maximal power is 1700 kW. The figure assumes a LHV value of hydrogen of 119.96 MJ/kg, and a LHV value for diesel fuel of 43.4 MJ/kg. Figure from Pratt and Klebanoff6. The advantages of PEMFCs over conventional energy production • Zero emissions • Lower operating temperature (50-100 degrees C) • Less mechanical failure and maintenance due to few moving parts • Much quieter than ICEs – which is less noise pollution and improved ride quality • Fast start up time (0-100%) in 5-10 sec; (low -100%) less than 1 sec • Greater thermal efficiency (41-53%) • Less vibrations that could cause resonance (fractures in structures) 2.1.4. Fuel Cell Data and Specifications There are two ways to compare fuel cell system power specifications, either through mass (specific power) or through volume (power density). Equation 2.5 and Equation 2.6 illustrate these two specifications below. 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝 Equation 2.5: Equation 2.6: 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝 = 𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔 = 𝐹𝐹𝑂𝑂𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑀𝑀𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘3 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝐹𝑂𝑂𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑙𝑂𝑂𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 6 Speed Passenger Ferry,” Sandia National Laboratories report SAND2016-9719, available at: maritime.sandia.gov. J. W. Pratt and L. E. Klebanoff, “Feasibility of the SF-BREEZE: a Zero-Emission, Hydrogen Fuel Cell, High- 22PDF Image | Regenerative Fuel Cell
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