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10 | Clean Energy, 2017, Vol. XX, No. XX various reactions. Different trends related to temperature have been documented in the literature. Huang et al. [65] studied POX reaction in the range of 600–750 °C. At 600 °C, a lower hydrogen yield was obtained compared to ele- vated temperatures and formation of by-products such as ethylene, ethane and propene was documented. These by- products ultimately led to coking and deactivation of cata- lyst [65]. The highest hydrogen yield of 4.61F was reported at 750 °C. These results indicated that a higher tempera- ture favors the hydrogen production in POX. In a thermo- dynamic study by Wang et al. [64], an found increased hydrogen yield with increased temperatures, but for OBMR less than 1.5M, was observed. For OBMR greater than 1.5M, the hydrogen yield increased with the increase in tem- perature and reached the maximum. Further increase in temperature slightly reduced the hydrogen yield. Huang et al. [62] also documented the same trend as Wang et al. [64]. The probable reason for this trend could be endothermic butanol decomposition reaction was favored in fuel-rich condition and thereby increased hydrogen yields with increased temperatures at lower OBMR. The activities of exothermic POX and WGS reactions decreased in fuel-lean conditions and at elevated temperature, which lead to a slight decline in hydrogen yields. 4.2.3 Effect of catalysts Huang et al. [62] prepared three different layered double hydroxide (LDH)-derived catalysts. Catalysts were pre- pared by co-precipitation technique with different load- ing of Ni, Al, Mg and Fe. Prepared catalysts were NiMgAl, NiMgAlFe and NiMgFe. The highest hydrogen yield of 4.03F was obtained with the NiMgAlFe catalyst. Moreover, add- ition of Fe improved stability of catalyst. In the absence of Fe (for NiMgAl catalyst), the hydrogen yield decreased from 3.68F to 2.02F in 31 h. Pre- and post-characterization of all catalysts also confirmed the same result. Huang et al. [65] investigated the effect of precious met- als such as Rh, Ru, Pt and Ir on POX of butanol. Precious metals were promoted on Ni-Mg-Al-Fe-O catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation method, and then, precious metal was incorporated by incipient wet- ness impregnation. The following trend was documented for hydrogen yields and stability: Rh > Ir > Ru > Pt. Rh promoted on Ni-Mg-Al-Fe-O catalyst showed the highest hydrogen yield of 4.61F. 5 Conclusion A review of current studies has found that hydrogen ex- traction from butanol has great potential. To maximize hydrogen production, operating conditions and catalyst should be carefully selected. Temperature and SCMR have a positive impact on hydrogen yield and conversion for the majority of cases during SR reaction. The pressure has a negative effect on hydrogen production. An in- crease in oxygen content improves catalyst stability due to oxidation of coke and decreased hydrogen yield due to the competitive consumption of butanol in POX and OSR. The main drawback of all butanol reforming pro- cesses is the development of catalyst, which gives high- purity hydrogen for a prolonged period of time. The type of metal, additive, support and support–metal interaction are responsible for the activity of catalyst. Metals such as Ni and Rh are mainly used for SR, OSR and POX pro- cesses. Additives such as noble metal enhance the sta- bility of catalyst by showing better resistance to coking. Thermodynamic analysis of SESR and DR revealed the possibility of generation of high-purity hydrogen, which can be confirmed by the development of a suitable cata- lyst in the near future. To extend application of high- purity hydrogen extraction from butanol on an industrial scale will require development of detailed kinetic rate expression. We found during our literature review only one study based on a possible reaction pathway for bu- tanol SR [22]. Several suitable catalysts for SR, OSR and POX have been documented. Future research should be directed in the area of development of more promising catalysts that can improve selectivity toward hydrogen and suppress undesired side reactions. The catalyst must remain active for a sufficient period of time for it to be implemented commercially. Conflict of interest statement. None declared. References [1] Suh MP, Park HJ, Prasad TK, et al. Hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks. Chem Rev 2012; 112:782–835. [2] Balat M. Potential importance of hydrogen as a fu- ture solution to environmental and transportation problem. Int J Hydrogen Energ 2008; 33:4013–29. [3] Zhao Y, Huang Y, Gao P, et al. Hydrogen from bottle-the magic of Pt catalysts for methanol reforming instantly start-up from cold weather. Int J Hydrogen Energ 2016; 41:10719–26. [4] Bockris JO, Veziroglu TN. A solar-hydrogen energy system for environmental compatibility. Environ Conserv 1985; 12:105–18. [5] Hartley UW, Amornraksa S, Kim-Lohsoontorn P, et al. Thermodynamic analysis and experimental study of hydrogen production from oxidative reforming of n-butanol. Chem Eng J 2015; 278:2–12. [6] Wang JK, Zhu CC, Liu WH, et al. Hydrogen storage by carbon nanotube and their films under ambient pres- sure. Int J Hydrogen Energ 2002; 27:497–500. [7] Li J, Yu H, Yang G, et al. Steam reforming of oxygenate fuels for hydrogen production: a thermodynamic study. Energ Fuel 2011; 25:2643–50. [8] Ni M, Leung DY, Leung MK. A review on reforming bio- ethanol for hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energ 2007; 32:3238–47. [9] Park JE, Yim SD, Kim CS, et al. Steam reforming of methanol over Cu/ZnO/ZrO2/Al2O3 catalyst. Int J Hydrogen Energ 2014; 39:11517–27. [10] Wang C, Boucher M, Yang M, et al. 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