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Executive Summary A workshop addressing the current state-of-the-art of reversible fuel cells that use hydrogen/air or hydrogen/oxygen was held on April 19, 2011, at the Renaissance Capital View Hotel in Arlington, Virginia. The genesis of this workshop was a report on the feasibility of using hydrogen to store renewable electricity produced from wind resources. The feasibility study looked at two technologies based on water electrolysis for producing the hydrogen, two methods for storing the hydrogen, and three technologies for using the stored hydrogen to produce electricity. The conclusions of the study suggested that various hydrogen-based systems might compete with battery systems for storing renewable electricity, but they could not compete with pumped hydro or compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems on the basis of cents per kilowatt-hour of electricity delivered to the electrical grid. The study identified two important barriers that prohibited the various hydrogen systems from being cost competitive. They were the relatively low roundtrip efficiency of the hydrogen systems compared to batteries and pumped hydro, and the high capital costs for acquiring both the electrolyzer units needed to produce the hydrogen from renewable electricity and the fuel cell units needed to produce electricity from the hydrogen. The feasibility study also was limited to technologies for which there were useful data available on mature costs and for which products of a suitable scale were available commercially or were approaching commercialization. The study did not include high temperature steam electrolysis or high temperature fuel cells, nor did it evaluate the concept of a unitized stack that could serve as both fuel cell and electrolyzer, first and foremost, because mature costs for these technologies are not available. The use of a unitized stack, a fuel cell stack that can be reversed and used as an electrolysis unit, herein called a reversible fuel cell, has the potential of substantially reducing the capital costs for the electrochemical equipment. Reversible fuel cells based on PEM technology have been under investigation for several decades by DOD and NASA for aerospace applications. High temperature steam electrolysis and high temperature fuel cells both show superior net electrical efficiency when compared to low temperature systems and thus hold the promise of substantially increasing the roundtrip efficiency of the storage system. Furthermore, since the publication of the feasibility study, work has been initiated by DOE and by DOD addressing the development and testing of reversible solid oxide fuel cells. It was the goal of this workshop to bring together the developers of these two technologies, reversible PEM fuel cells and reversible solid oxide fuel cells, to address three questions. 1. Are these technologies feasible for the cost-effective storage of renewable electricity? 2. What are the materials and systems barriers to developing these technologies for this application? 3. What are the manufacturing issues that need to be addressed to be cost effective? Several important recommendations were developed during the workshop. It was recommended that a more in-depth techno-economic study be performed starting with the design of one or more complete systems for storing renewable electricity based on reversible fuel cells and that iiPDF Image | Reversible Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report
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