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where the fuel cell and the electrolysis systems are of equivalent ratings, for example, remote power or MHE applications. For both of these applications, separation of the electrolyzer system and the fuel cell system is acceptable. At an extreme case, the automotive fuel cell applications using hydrogen from a stationary, centralized, electrolysis source and a high power density fuel cell onboard the vehicle can be interpreted as a DRFC system. PEM Presentations PROTON ON SITE Everett Anderson, Vice President of Electrochemical Technology for PROTON ON SITE (PROTON), reported that the specific energy of reversible fuel cells could reach 1,000 Wh/kg, which is an approximate 5-fold increase over lithium metal oxide battery technology. Several applications developed by PROTON were identified including the integration of a high pressure electrolyzer with a fuel cell as a DRFC system. Five demonstration systems were identified and all of the systems were rated at 10 kW or less; the systems are shown in Appendix A. Charge/discharge cycle data for a DRFC system showed little to no degradation over 35 charge/discharge cycles in a 350 hour test. The fuel cell degradation was not evident while the electrolysis system may have improved over the life of the test; however within the error of reading the data in the presentation (see chart 16 of PROTON in Appendix A) no degradation was observed. The URFC system reported on by PROTON exhibited some degradation of the fuel cell and the electrolysis system over a 1,300 hour test with 780 closed loop cycles operating at 200 ASF (amps per square foot) in the electrolysis mode and 300 ASF in the fuel cell mode. One ASF equals 1.076 milliamps per square centimeter. The roundtrip efficiency of the URFC test stack developed by PROTON was 37%. PROTON compared the URFC and DRFC based on applications. The URFC systems are better suited for applications requiring storage of both oxidant and fuel for the fuel cell. For system applications where storage volume is critical (e.g., unmanned undersea vehicles or unmanned aerial vehicles) the URFC system affords a minimum stack volume with a beneficial increase in the volume for reactant storage. The URFC is also well matched with applications where the charge/discharge cycles are equivalent. The URFC systems have several drawbacks: • The catalyst and electrode structures are not optimized for a single function (e.g., oxygen reduction) but must fulfill both fuel cell and electrolysis functions. Up to a 70% penalty in performance (efficiency) for the unitized approach was reported and was associated with the multifunctional requirements of the catalyst and electrode structures. • The URFC BoP has increased complexity to function in both the fuel cell mode and the electrolysis mode. The exothermic fuel cell process requires cooling of the fuel cell stack with a cooling fluid. The endothermic electrolysis process using liquid water at the electrodes does not need a cooling system. Humidification of either or both fuel cell reactants is necessary while the electrolysis system must remove water vapor from the product gases prior to their pressurization. 5PDF Image | Reversible Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report
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