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Q: What are the manufacturing issues that need to be addressed to be cost effective? A: Build on SECA work for volume production. CERAMATEC Incorporated in 1976, CERAMATEC has a long history developing solid oxide electrolyte devices including oxygen sensors and SOFC. Recently acquired by CoorsTek, CERAMATEC is continuing as an R&D wing of that organization. CERAMATEC supplied three 5-kW SOEC stacks that were demonstrated by INL as part of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant program. Slides from the CERAMATEC presentation can be found in Appendix E. CERAMATEC uses a somewhat different materials arrangement for its cells than does Versa or MSRI. The CERAMATEC cells are electrolyte supported rather than anode supported. As part of the SOEC work performed for INL, CERAMATEC uncovered several key issues when using their baseline SOFC stack as an SOEC. They observed unacceptably high degradation rates due to oxygen electrode delamination. They also reported chromium transport from the stainless steel separator into the oxygen electrode and strontium migration from the strontium manganite oxygen electrode into the electrolyte. They then launched a project evaluating various alternative oxygen electrode compositions and settled on a cobalt-ferrite. They added a ceria layer between the oxygen electrode and a partially-stabilized scandium-doped zirconia electrolyte and achieved a significant reduction in the degradation rate. With regard to reversible SOFC/SOEC, CERAMATEC included information on a 25-cell stack test that was operated in both SOFC and SOEC mode. Results indicated a slightly higher Ohmic resistance when operating in the SOEC mode. Although no quantitative information was provided, CERAMATEC also identified seals as an issue needing further study. CERAMATEC included important discussions in their presentation on the heat management issue. In one particularly useful slide, Figure 5 below, different temperature maps are shown for a cell operated in the SOFC mode and the SOEC mode at the same approximate current density. In the SOEC mode the cell was operating, by their calculation, approximately at the thermal neutral point of 1.29 V at 1,100 K. CERAMATEC also pointed out, in their discussion of heat management, that it will be necessary to operate the reversible system, when in the SOEC mode, at a voltage above the thermal neutral point so excess heat is generated that can support the thermal demands of the system, for example raising steam and heating it to the operating temperature of the stack. 20PDF Image | Reversible Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report
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