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Highlights of the Reversible SOFC/SOEC Breakout: Group 1 Critical Issues • Oxygen electrode degradation in SOEC mode. • Develop and optimize electrode materials that show good performance and durability working in both the SOFC and SOEC modes of operation. • Develop and assess designs for complete SOFC/SOEC systems and use to assess costs and efficiency. • Need to demonstrate a system at a size large enough to use to make reliable projections for full-scale facilities. Material & System Barriers & Open Questions • Seals – determine the impact of high steam content in the SOEC mode on perimeter and manifold seals. • Chromium volatilization from stainless steel hardware – little is known about this issue in the SOEC mode. • Little to no information is available on the impact of cycling on materials corrosion and electrode morphology. • Gas crossover through the thin electrolyte and leakage through the seals could be 5X more problematic in the SOEC mode than in the SOFC mode. • How fast can these systems be reversed? The answer will have a direct impact on the range of applications. • How can the SOEC be designed to follow the changing output from a wind farm? Can it respond to a rapid drop in wind speed? • Is combined cycle operation possible in SOFC mode? • What’s the smallest size system for which a good business case can be made? • How is heat best supplied for endothermic reaction – Ohmic heating or sensible heating? • Is thermal storage of heat produced in SOFC mode an option for supplying heat required in SOEC mode? • Need to design and model a complete SOFC/SOEC system to answer some of these questions. Manufacturing Issues • SOFC manufacturing is still in its infancy. • Part count in stacks and processing steps for making components both need to be reduced. • Need to develop innovative processes for high speed, low-cost, high quality manufacturing of stack components along with methods for QC/QA. • SOFC heat management will drive stack footprint while SOEC heat management will drive system design. Miscellaneous • Can the SOFC/SOEC stack be operated under pressure? 23PDF Image | Reversible Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report
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