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Highlights of the Reversible SOFC/SOEC Breakout: Group 2 Critical Issues • Need a quick techno-economic analysis of using air in the SOFC versus the option of also storing oxygen. • Thermal management will be very difficult for a unitized SOFC/SOEC system. • Must find good compromises for cell and stack design and for materials selection for the unitized stack that does not significantly impact cycle efficiency, costs, or durability. Material & System Barriers & Open Questions • Hydrogen must be present in the steam entering the SOEC to prevent oxidation of the nickel electrode (electrolyzer cathode). • More R&D is needed on the oxygen electrode and its interface with the electrolyte. • Contaminants in the air and coming from the hydrogen compressor may be a problem. Can contaminant studies from SECA be leveraged? • Need materials for BOP that will survive in high hydrogen or high oxygen environments at high temperature for long periods of time. • Can a compressor/expander be used to capture energy from the compressed hydrogen as it expands through the fuel cell? • Need to capture latent heat from steam on SOEC and SOFC exhaust. • Need a more sophisticated engineering analysis to reliably determine the roundtrip efficiency. • What is the duty cycle for the SOFC and the SOEC and how does it vary? Are there different duty cycles for different applications and sizes? • Can these systems handle variable energy inputs and outputs? Is there a max and min to the variability? How fast can they respond? • How fast can the system switch between modes? • Can batteries be integrated with the system to give more flexibility? • Can one BoP be developed that serves both SOFC and SOEC modes of operation or are two BoPs more cost effective? • Will need new control systems and strategies. 24PDF Image | Reversible Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report
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