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TPAOH as the SDA through one-step hydrothermal process at a relatively low temperature of 100 °C, and they proposed a “nucleation/growth-demetallation/recrystallization” mechanism during the hydrothermal synthesis process. Initially, the precursor species nucleated and grew under the protection of aluminum complexes and TPA+ cations. Then basic etching became obvious with the consumption of aluminum complexes and TPA+ cations, resulting in the mesoporous structure. Catalysts 2017, 7, 367 15 of 31 Finally, the dissolved species recrystallized and grew on the external surface of the zeolite crystals (Figure 11). During the catalytic cracking of 1, 3, 5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB), the hierarchical of 80% with little carbon deposition, while that of the conventional ZSM-5 was only 55% with much ZSM-5 zeolite showed conversion rate of 80% with little carbon deposition, while that of the more carbon deposition. conventional ZSM-5 was only 55% with much more carbon deposition. Fiigurre11..ThemechaniismffortthefformattiionoffHSZs[[76]]..CopyriighttEllseviier,,22001155.. 3.4. Post-Treatment Method 3.4. Post-Treatment Method 3..4..1.. Allkalliine Ettchiing Among tthe allkalliine ettchiing metthods,, sodiium hydroxide ((NaOH) etching method iis tthe mostt wiideelylyusuesdedtotporepraerpeatrheethhierahricehriacraclhziecoalitzee.oTlhite.siTlichoensiislisceolnectisvesleyledcitsisvoellvyeddbisysoNlvaeOdHbtyreaNtmaOenHt ttoregaetnmeeranttetsougbesntaenrtaitael msuebssotpanortioaslitmy.eTsohpeocraotasliytyti.cTpheerfcoartmalaynticcepaenrdfocramtaalyntciec lainfedticmaetaclaynticbeliefeffteimctievcealyn ebneheafnfeccetdivbeylythenishpaonscte-dtrebaytmtheisnpt moset-tthroedatm[77e–n7t9m,8e8t,h8o9d]. [A7f7t–e7r9a,8lk8a,8li9t]r.eAafttmerenaltk,alithtroeuagtmhemnot,raelcthaorbuognh dmeoproesictaerdbon dZeSpMos-5itezdeolniteZSinMn--5hzeexoalnite cirnacnk-hinegx,aniteschroawckeidngs,mitaslhleorwdedacstmivaltlieorndreatcetidvauteiotno rtahte idnucreetaosetdhexintecrneaslesdurefxatcernaraelas,umrfeascoepaorreea,vmoleusmopeoarnedvpooluremmeoanudthp,worheicmhomutahd,ewZhSiMch-5mzaedoeliZteSlMes-s5 szeenoslitievlestsosceanrsbiotinvedteopcoasribtiond[9e0p]o.sAitiopnro[p90e]r.SAi/pArolpraertiSoi/oAfl2r5a–t5io0,ohfo2w5–e5v0e,rh,oiswneevceers,sisarnyectoesosabrtyaitno tohbetahinerathrcehihciaelrzaercohlitcealwzitehoelixtecewlleinthttexctuelrlenptrotpexetrutirees.pHroigpheratliuesm.iHnuigmhcaolnutmenintucomuldcosntatebniltizceotuhled surrounding silicon atoms preventing their dissolution, which leads to few mesopores, while, for low aluminum content, large number of the zeolites could be dissolved resulting in low productivity and large pores [91]. Yuan et al. [92] developed a new method to prepare the hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite by post-treatment with different concentration of sodium aluminum solution (NaAlO2). It is a more moderate alkaline etching method compared with NaOH etching method. It extracted Si species selectively and protected the structure by repairing the defects resulting from desilicication with Al species at the same time. Wu et al. [80] synthesized the mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite by desilication in combined basic solution of NaOH and piperidine. The addition of piperidine prevented the excessive dissolution of Si species by NaOH, resulting in the controlled desilication within the crystals and maintained the micropores simultaneously. The newly formed mesopores enhanced the accessibility of acid sites in the micropores and shortened the diffusion path length, resulting in a higher catalytic performance and a longer lifetime in hydrocarbon cracking. However, after treatment with inorganic hydroxides, ZSM-5 zeolite was transformed to Na-ZSM-5. Additional ion exchange with NH4NO3 solution was necessary to obtain H-ZSM-5 zeolite. This disadvantage could be neglected with organic hydroxides instead of inorganic hydroxides. As the organic hydroxide is less active over Si dissolution than inorganic hydroxides, the dissolution of Si species is more controllable and more Al is dissolved. The Si/Al ratio decreased less in organic hydroxide solution than that in inorganic hydroxide solution, resulting in negligible change of acid property after organic hydroxide treatment (Figure 12) [93]. A meso-ZSM-5 zeolite was prepared by post-treatment of ZSM-5 zeolite with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) or tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) [26]. The catalytic cracking activity of the hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites increased significantly compared with parent ZSM-5 zeolite.PDF Image | Strategies to Enhance the Catalytic Performance of ZSM-5
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