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Besides, the silanols in treated samples were less than that in the parent ZSM-5 zeolite, which restrained the generation of carbon deposition on these sites [95]. As the acid property was similar with the parent ZSM-5 zeolite, the remarkably increased catalytic activity could be attributed to the high diffusion rate originated from the additional mesopores and macropores [97]. Overall, fluoride eCtactahlyinstgs 2i0s17a,n7, e3f6f7ective and fast approach to prepare hierarchical zeolite. However, HF is dang1e7rofu3s1 for human and it is troublesome when it is applied in industrial manufacture. Figure 13. SEM images of ZSM-5 crystals treated by NH4F-HF solutions at 293 K. The NH4F-HF Figure 13. SEM images of ZSM-5 crystals treated by NH4F-HF solutions at 293 K. The NH4F-HF solutions contain different amounts of HF (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mol·L−1) and a constant amount of NH4F solutions contain different amounts of HF (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mol·L−1) and a constant amount of NH4F (2.5 g per 15 mL solution): (A) treated by a 0.05 mol·L−1 solution for 30 s; (B) treated by a 0.1 mol·L−1 (2.5 g per 15 mL solution): (A) treated by a 0.05 mol·L−1 solution for 30 s; (B) treated by a 0.1 mol·L−1 solution for 30 s; (C) treated by a 0.5 mol·L−1 solution for 10 s; and (D) treated by a 0.5 mol·L−1 solution solution for 30 s; (C) treated by a 0.5 mol·L−1 solution for 10 s; and (D) treated by a 0.5 mol·L−1 solution for 30 s [95]. Copyright American Chemical Society, 2013. for 30 s [95]. Copyright American Chemical Society, 2013. 4. Nano-Sized ZSM-5 Zeolite 4. Nano-Sized ZSM-5 Zeolite Although addition of mesopores to conventional ZSM-5 zeolite is an effective way to enhance Although addition of mesopores to conventional ZSM-5 zeolite is an effective way to enhance the catalytic activity of ZSM-5 zeolite, the most efficient method is to prepare nano-sized ZSM-5 the catalytic activity of ZSM-5 zeolite, the most efficient method is to prepare nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolites, which can dramatically increase the number of pore mouths and increase the accessibility of zeolites, which can dramatically increase the number of pore mouths and increase the accessibility acid sites in the micropores. As nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolites with shorter diffusion length favored the of acid sites in the micropores. As nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolites with shorter diffusion length favored adsorption and desorption of reactants in the micropores compared with the micro-sized zeolite, the the adsorption and desorption of reactants in the micropores compared with the micro-sized zeolite, catalytic cracking activity increased with the decrease of crystal size [15,98–100]. Tago et al. [101] the catalytic cracking activity increased with the decrease of crystal size [15,98–100]. Tago et al. [101] studied the catalytic performance of ZSM-5 zeolite with macro-size (2300 nm) and nano-size (90 nm) studied the catalytic performance of ZSM-5 zeolite with macro-size (2300 nm) and nano-size (90 nm) in naphthene cracking. For macro-sized ZSM-5, the carbon deposition formed at the beginning of the in naphthene cracking. For macro-sized ZSM-5, the carbon deposition formed at the beginning of reaction resulting in quick deactivation. While for nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite, it showed higher light the reaction resulting in quick deactivation. While for nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite, it showed higher alkene selectivity, more stable activity and less carbon deposition. They also studied the effect of light alkene selectivity, more stable activity and less carbon deposition. They also studied the effect crystal size of ZSM-5 zeolite on the rate-limiting step of the n-hexane cracking using the Thiele of crystal size of ZSM-5 zeolite on the rate-limiting step of the n-hexane cracking using the Thiele modulus, and they concluded that the cracking reaction could be proceed when the crystal size was modulus, and they concluded that the cracking reaction could be proceed when the crystal size was in nano-scale [102]. Besides, ZSM-5 zeolite with short diffusion length facilitated the transport of BTEX (carbon precursors), thus preventing the formation of carbon deposition, which improved the catalytic stability [99,100,103,104]. The nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite can be synthesized by hydrothermal method or bead milling method. The textural properties of nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite in the references are shown in Table 4.PDF Image | Strategies to Enhance the Catalytic Performance of ZSM-5
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