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Figure 14. The morphology and textural property of N-ZSM-5: (a–c) SEM images under different magnification; (d) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm and BJH pore size distribution; (e) low Catalysmtsa2g0n17if,i7c,a3t6io7n TEM image; and (f) high magnification TEM image [105]. Copyright Royal Society o1f9 of 31 Chemistry, 2016. Zeolite synthesized using SDA is uneconomical and environmental unfriendly due to vast exhaust Zeolite synthesized using SDA is uneconomical and environmental unfriendly due to vast gas generated by calcination, thus it is significant to prepare nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite without using exhaust gas generated by calcination, thus it is significant to prepare nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite SDA. Larsen et al. [110] successfully synthesized nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite with the assistance of seeds without using SDA. Larsen et al. [110] successfully synthesized nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite with the by regulating the synthesis parameters. A basic solution with pH between 9 and 11.5 was necessary to assistance of seeds by regulating the synthesis parameters. A basic solution with pH between 9 and facilitate the nucleation of crystals. A proper amount of seeds (0.35 wt %) provides enough nucleation 11.5 was necessary to facilitate the nucleation of crystals. A proper amount of seeds (0.35 wt %) and growth sites. The optimum temperature and time is 165 ◦C and 14–24 h to promote the complete provides enough nucleation and growth sites. The optimum temperature and time is 165 °C and 14– growth of crystals. Nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite prepared with seed-assisted method showed uniform 24 h to promote the complete growth of crystals. Nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite prepared with crystal size (70–150 nm), high crystallinity and high hydrothermal stability. They showed a better seed-assisted method showed uniform crystal size (70–150 nm), high crystallinity and high activity and higher light alkene selectivity than the conventional ZSM-5 zeolite in catalytic cracking of hydrothermal stability. They showed a better activity and higher light alkene selectivity than the naphtha (Figure 15) [106]. conventional ZSM-5 zeolite in catalytic cracking of naphtha (Figure 15) [106]. Figure 15. Light olefins yield depending on the naphtha feed rate in fluidized catalytic cracking over Figure 15. Light olefins yield depending on the naphtha feed rate in fluidized catalytic cracking over steamed micro-spherical catalyst prepared with: (A) commercial ZSM-5 (filled triangle); and (B) steamed micro-spherical catalyst prepared with: (A) commercial ZSM-5 (filled triangle); and (B) ZSM-5 ZSM-5 synthesized with crystalline seed (filled square) (reaction condition: naphtha/steam ratio synthesized with crystalline seed (filled square) (reaction condition: naphtha/steam ratio (wt/wt) = 4, (wt/wt) = 4, contact time = 2 s, catalyst/oil = 50, reac◦tor temperature = 680 °C, rege◦neration contacttime=2s,catalyst/oil=50,reactortemperature=680 C,regenerationtemperature=720 C)[106]. temperature = 720 °C) [106]. Copyright Springer, 2016. Copyright Springer, 2016. However, it is difficult to separate nano zeolite from the synthesis gel due to the small crystal size, which limits its application in practical application. Aiming at overcoming this disadvantage, monolithic ZSM-5 nanoparticle aggregates were prepared by converting Al-SBA-15 to ZSM-5 zeolite. Large nanoparticles aggregated and formed a big monolithic ZSM-5 zeolite, which was easy to be separated from the solution. Besides, this monolithic ZSM-5 nanoparticle aggregate contained large mesopore volume (Figure 16). The crystallinity and inter-crystal mesoporosity could be regulated by adjusting the parameters during the synthesis process. The crystallinity and crystal size increased with the increase of hydrothermal temperature. Proper hydrothermal temperature and time were necessary to promote the nucleation and growth of crystals and prevent the over growth simultaneously. At a proper SDA content (TPA+/Si = 1.5), the pore volume of the final obtained zeolite reached to 0.58 cm3·g−1, which was attributed to the enhancement of crystal nucleation by SDA. While at a high content (TPA+/Si = 3.5), the pore volume decreased to 0.21 cm3·g−1, due to the highly compacted nanoparticles under high content of SDA [107].PDF Image | Strategies to Enhance the Catalytic Performance of ZSM-5
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