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Catalysts 2017, 7, 367 21 of 31 Catalysts 2017, 7, 367 20 of 29 Figure 17. The conversion of hexane and product yields in hexane cracking at 650 °C over various Figure 17. The conversion of hexane and product yields in hexane cracking at 650 ◦C over various ZSM-5 catalysts: (a) no catalyst; (b) parent ZSM-5; (c) acid-treated ZSM-5 micron; (d) milled ZSM-5; ZSM-5 catalysts: (a) no catalyst; (b) parent ZSM-5; (c) acid-treated ZSM-5 micron; (d) milled ZSM-5; (e) milled and recrystallized ZSM-5; and (f) milled, recrystallized and acid-treated ZSM-5 [111]. (e) milled and recrystallized ZSM-5; and (f) milled, recrystallized and acid-treated ZSM-5 [111]. Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. Overall, the crystal size of ZSM-5 zeolite can be controlled by regulating the parameters during the hydrothermal process only in laboratory scale. It was difficult to separate the nanoparticles from the sFyonrthcaetsaislystiocluctriaocnkindgueoftohytdhreoircairnbtorins,icacciodllcoaitdaalylspisroispedrotym.inItanwt.ouAldcidapprolipcaebrtlieestofpZreSpMa-r5e zneaonloitpe,airnticlluedaigngraecgiadtiaomnotounatv,oaicdidthsetrseenpgatrhatainodnapcriodbtlyempe.sB,aesreidseisg,ntihfiecastnatbfiolirtyhyodfrnoacnaorb-soinzecdrazcekoilnitge. Aatllhoifgthetseempaerramtuerterisslhoowerditrheacnt itnhflauteonfcethoenmthiecrcoa-tsailzyetdiczaecotilvitiety,,wprhoicdhucltimseiltescittisviatyppanlidcactiaornboin 5. Adjustment of Acid Properties dinedpuostitrioanl mduanriunfgachtyudrer.ocarbon cracking. 5.1. Acidity Strength 5. Adjustment of Acid Properties Both weak acid sites and strong acid sits exist in ZSM-5 zeolite. They play different role in For catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons, acid catalysis is dominant. Acid properties of ZSM-5 hydrocarbon cracking. It has been proven that during the catalytic cracking of 1-pentene, the reaction zeolite, including acid amount, acid strength and acid types, are significant for hydrocarbon pathway can be dominated by the acid strength of catalyst by influencing the activation energy of cracking. All of these parameters show direct influence on the catalytic activity, product selectivity reaction. The weak acid sites prefer to crack 1-pentene to propylene. The strong acid sites prefer to and carbon deposition during hydrocarbon cracking. crack 1-pentene to ethylene. Then, the ratio of propylene to ethylene can be controlled between 1.2 a5n.1d. A7.c9idbiytyaSdtjruesntginthg the acid strength of ZSM-5 zeolite [112]. Besides, the acid strength of ZSM-5 zeolite can be modified by synthesizing isomorphous ZSM-5 Both weak acid sites and strong acid sits exist in ZSM-5 zeolite. They play different role in zeolites. They are prepared by replacing the aluminum (Al) source with gallium (Ga) source or iron hydrocarbon cracking. It has been proven that during the catalytic cracking of 1-pentene, the (Fe) source in the synthesis solution. The acid strength of isomorphous ZSM-5 zeolites increased as the reaction pathway can be dominated by the acid strength of catalyst by influencing the activation following order: MFI-Fe < MFI-Ga < MFI-Al. Due to the decrease of the acidity strength, the cracking energy of reaction. The weak acid sites prefer to crack 1-pentene to propylene. The strong acid sites products are easier to desorb, which may restrain the second reaction between light alkenes generate prefer to crack 1-pentene to ethylene. Then, the ratio of propylene to ethylene can be controlled from the primary cracking reaction, resulting in higher light alkene selectivity (Figure 18) and less between 1.2 and 7.9 by adjusting the acid strength of ZSM-5 zeolite [112]. carbon deposition [44]. Hodoshima et al. [113] prepared ZSM-5 zeolite containing Fe, Ga and Al Besides, the acid strength of ZSM-5 zeolite can be modified by synthesizing isomorphous simultaneously. The acid strength of Fe-Ga-Al ZSM-5 zeolite is weaker than that of the conventional ZSM-5 zeolites. They are prepared by replacing the aluminum (Al) source with gallium (Ga) source ZSM-5 zeolite, which enhanced the selectivity of propylene and suppressed the generation of carbon or iron (Fe) source in the synthesis solution. The acid strength of isomorphous ZSM-5 zeolites deposition. However, for ZSM-5 zeolite containing Fe, the acid strength was too weak and the increased as the following order: MFI-Fe < MFI-Ga < MFI-Al. Due to the decrease of the acidity activation energy was not enough to catalytic cracking hydrocarbon effectively [114]. strength, the cracking products are easier to desorb, which may restrain the second reaction between light alkenes generate from the primary cracking reaction, resulting in higher light alkene selectivity (Figure 18) and less carbon deposition [44]. Hodoshima et al. [113] prepared ZSM-5 zeolite containing Fe, Ga and Al simultaneously. The acid strength of Fe-Ga-Al ZSM-5 zeolite is weaker than that of the conventional ZSM-5 zeolite, which enhanced the selectivity of propylene and suppressed the generation of carbon deposition. However, for ZSM-5 zeolite containing Fe, the acid strength was too weak and the activation energy was not enough to catalytic cracking hydrocarbon effectively [114].PDF Image | Strategies to Enhance the Catalytic Performance of ZSM-5
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