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Contents Executive summary 4 Introduction 6 Decarbonising options for transport modes 10 heavy-duty road transport fuels 12 Marine transport fuels 12 Aviation fuels 13 1. Synthetic electrofuels 14 1.1 Efuel production 15 1.2 Future developments 18 1.2.1 Scaling down Fischer Tropsch 18 1.2.2 Electrolysis 18 1.2.3 Bacterial conversion 18 1.2.4 Solar to fuels 18 1.2.5 New efuels 19 1.3 Research challenges 21 1.4 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) 21 1.5 Timelines 21 2. Synthetic biofuels 22 2.1 Future of synthetic biofuels 22 2.2 Research challenges 25 2.3 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) 26 2.4 Timelines 26 3. Challenges and benefits for widespread adoption of synthetic biofuels and efuels 28 3.1 Costs 28 3.1.1 Efuel costs 28 3.1.2 Biofuel costs 32 3.2 Life-cycle assessment of synthetic efuels and biofuels 32 3.3 Efficiency and input energy needs 36 3.4 Potential for production at scale 36 3.5 Infrastructure requirements for novel synthetic fuels 38 3.6 Additional products 38 Conclusion 39 Annex A: Definitions 40 Annex B: Current demonstration efuel plant facilities 41 Annex C: Acknowledgments 42 SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFING 3 CONTENTSPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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