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INTRODUCTION BOX 2 Current production of synthetic fuels Synthetic liquid fuels have been manufactured for many decades through a) methanol synthesis and b) the Fischer Tropsch process, both using fossil sources of carbon. For both processes, the starting point is the conversion of the fossil fuel (coal, oil or natural gas) to synthesis gas, which is a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Coal Gas a) Methanol Synthesis Gasification Steam reforming Synthesis gas (CO + CO2 + h2) Methanol is produced by reacting the synthesis gas at relatively high pressure and temperature using a copper catalyst. This process has been operated globally for over 60 years and produces more than 70 million tonnes/year. Methanol can then be converted over a catalyst to produce synthetic liquid fuel such as petrol. This process is operated at a commercial scale. Alternatively reacting methanol over a catalyst to make alkenes, a process that is currently operated commercially, and the products can be used as precursors to synthetic liquid fuels. + hydrogen Copper catalyst Methanol b) Fischer Tropsch To use carbon dioxide in the established Fischer Tropsch (FT) synthesis, it is converted to carbon monoxide by reaction with hydrogen using the ‘reverse water gas shift’ reaction: Carbon + hydrogen Catalyst Carbon + Water dioxide monoxide The carbon monoxide and hydrogen are then reacted over either cobalt or iron catalysts to produce a range of hydrocarbons (light gases C1-C4, petrol C5 – C9, kerosene C10 – C11, diesel C12+). The full product spectrum can be used in the energy and transport sectors following separation. The initial impetus for this process was to produce sulphur-free diesel but it is now used to exploit very low-cost natural gas, with the added benefit that the diesel is sulphur-free. Modifying the industrial methanol synthesis and Fischer Tropsch reactions to operate with carbon dioxide and hydrogen will require innovation and research. Carbon monoxide 8 SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFINGPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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