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INTRODUCTION FIGURE 4 Specific energy and energy density of a range of fuel options, taking into account typical tank weights (lower heating value). 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Heavy fuel oil Diesel SPK Synthetic biodiesel (FAME) LPG Ethanol Kerosene Petrol (octane) DME Methanol Ammonia (liquid) Hydrogen (700 bar) Methane (250 bar) Li-batt (NMC) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Energy per unit mass (kWh/kg) SPK Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene; Li-batt(NMC) Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Battery; LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas; DME Dimethyl Ether, FAME Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Decarbonising options for transport modes Fossil fuels are used across all transport modes, in part due to their high energy density (Figure 4). Potential alternative low-carbon energy vectors, such as lithium batteries, have a much lower energy density than fossil fuels and their suitability is dependent on the energy demands of the journey. Table 1 illustrates the compatibility between different fuels/energy sources and vehicle/ duty cycle types along with the level of challenge for fuel distribution and refuelling infrastructure. It shows the limited low-carbon options available to transport modes with high journey energy requirements (heavy-duty truck, marine and aviation). 10 SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFING Energy per unit volume (kWh/l)PDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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