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1.1 Efuel production There are many different efuels, all produced using the following key process steps: i. The production of hydrogen The most common industrial process to generate hydrogen is steam methane reforming which uses natural gas and produces carbon dioxide as a by-product. There are several methods of producing low-carbon hydrogen and they are discussed in the Royal Society policy briefing document Producing low-carbon hydrogen at scale27. Low-carbon hydrogen can be produced by the electrolysis of water using renewable electricity (Figure 5). This will become more commercially viable compared to steam methane reforming with CCS, as the price of sustainable electricity falls and electrolysers become more efficient. The source of the sustainable electricity will also affect the cost, as intermittent sources (eg wind turbines) will increase the cost of electrolysers due to the more challenging intermittent duty cycle. ii. The capture of carbon dioxide high concentration carbon dioxide sources, such as from industrial processes (eg steel works) or power generation28, provide a cheaper source of carbon, however it can also be obtained from the air through direct air capture (DAC). DAC technologies are considered in the Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering report on Greenhouse Gas Removal29. Technologies currently being tested include supported amine absorption and the lime-soda process. iii. Synthesis – reacting carbon dioxide with hydrogen to form fuels and chemicals Common processes for fuel synthesis include Fischer Tropsch and methanol synthesis (see Box 2). Very large scale plants using these processes are in operation and produce, for example, methane and methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. With research, these processes can be modified to use carbon dioxide as the carbon source, requiring modifications to maintain conversion efficiencies and yields. There are already a number of demonstration processes either on-line or in preparation (see Case Studies 1 and 2 and Annex B). 27. Op. cit., note 4 28. Grahn M, Taljegård M, Ehnberg J, Karlsson S. 2014 utilising excess power: the case of electrofuels for transport. Systems Perspectives on Renewable Power, ISBN: 978-97-980974-0-5. 29. The Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering. 2018 Greenhouse Gas Removal. See https://royalsociety.org/-/ media/policy/projects/greenhouse-gas-removal/royal-society-greenhouse-gas-removal-report-2018.pdf (accessed 17 April 2019). SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFING 15 CHAPTER ONEPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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