PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 032
CHAPTER THREE 3.1.2 Biofuel costs The costs of biofuel production by gasification and pyrolysis has been extensively studied93 – 101. Quoted costs are often in the region of €1/litre petrol equivalent, with pyrolysis technologies having the potential for lower production costs than gasification (Figure 10). however, estimated costs are uncertain and this is an area where further work is required to establish the cost basis of this approach. Synthetic biofuel costs are forecast to be generally lower than efuel costs until at least 2030 though generally exceed fossil fuel prices. There may be scope for synthetic biofuel costs to reduce further over time, but the following uncertainties regarding synthetic biofuels should be noted: 1. While reduced fuel costs can be achieved with low-cost waste feedstocks, the synthetic biofuels produced have characteristics which require further process adaptation with associated costs. 2. Liquid fuels generated by pyrolysis have elevated oxygen levels and unsaturated compounds, which require further processing, in addition to challenging physical properties. 3.2 Life-cycle assessment of synthetic efuels and biofuels Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an established approach to evaluating and comparing environmental impact over the life cycle of a product or process. It can be used to determine if changing, for example, from a fossil fuel to an efuel was justified on environmental grounds. 93. Tan ECD et al. 2016 Comparative techno-economic analysis and process design for indirect liquefaction pathways to distillate-range fuels via biomass-derived oxygenated intermediates upgrading. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 11, 41–66. (doi: 10.1002/bbb.1710). 94. Op. cit., note 87 95. Rafati M et al. 2017 Techno-economic analysis of production of Fischer Tropsch liquids via biomass gasification: The effects of Fischer Tropsch catalysts and natural gas co-feeding. Energy Conversion and Management, 133, 153–166. (doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.11.051). 96. Wright MM, Daugaard DE, Satrio JA, Brown RC. 2010 Techno-economics analysis of biomass fast pyrolysis to transportation fuels. Fuel, 89, S2–S10. (doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.07.029). 97. Brown TR, Thilakaratne R, Brown RC, hu G. 2013 Techno-economic analysis of biomass to transportation fuels and electricity via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing. Fuel, 106, 463–469. (doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.029). 98. Tan ECD, Marker TL, Roberts MJ. 2013 Direct production of gasoline and diesel fuels from biomass via integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion process – A techno-economic analysis. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 33, 609-617. (doi: 10.1002/ep.11791). 99. De Jong S et al. 2015 The feasibility of short-term production strategies for renewable jet fuels – a comprehensive techno-economic comparison. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 9, 778–800. (doi: 10.1002/bbb.1613). 100. Op. cit., note 74 101. hu W et al. 2016 Comparative techno-economic analysis of advanced biofuels, biochemicals, and hydrocarbon chemicals via the fast pyrolysis platform. Biofuels, 9, 57-67. (doi: 10.1080/17597269.2015.1118780). 32 SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFINGPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
PDF Search Title:
Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transportOriginal File Name Searched:
synthetic-fuels-briefing.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |