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CHAPTER THREE TABLE 2 2030 2035 2040 The production of efuels at scale is currently limited by the availability of low- cost sustainable electricity to power the generation of hydrogen, the module scale up of the electrolysers and by the generation of syngas. It is likely that centres of production will emerge where such energy sources are abundant (eg wind on the west coast of Africa and solar in desert regions), particularly if direct air capture of carbon dioxide is employed. Efuels are therefore likely to be exported around the world from these centres of production. Regarding the future global demand of aviation and marine fuels (Table 2), it is clear that there is a potential future market for synthetic liquid fuels, as an initial defossilisation route to decarbonisation. It is estimated that over 100 new production facilities (at current synthetic fuels’ commercial scale) worldwide would need to be constructed for liquid synthetic efuels and biofuels to be phased in and fossil energy sources phased out. Current estimates for the future worldwide demand for aviation and marine fuels in million tonnes per year110. Aviation 391 Marine 284 Total 675 406 426 287 286 693 712 110. Op. cit., note 2 3.5 Infrastructure requirements for novel synthetic fuels Oxygenated fuels may be used with varying degrees of infrastructure modification ranging from minimal in the case of ethanol, to significant in the case of DME, which requires pressurised storage. Oxygenated fuels also have lower energy density, thus reducing the utilisation efficiency of the infrastructure on an energy basis. For comparison, the use of hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles carries significant infrastructure changes and costs, which might include hydrogen pipelines, specialised delivery vehicles and electrolysis units positioned at or near filling stations. 3.6 Additional products The technology developed to produce liquid synthetic fuels from biomass or from carbon dioxide could also be used to make intermediate molecules for the chemical industry. These molecules are more valuable than fuels and so offer additional incentives for developing the technology. 38 SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFINGPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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