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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction Hydrogen and energy have a long shared history. The first demonstrations of water electrolysis and fuel cells captured the imagination of engineers in the 1800s. Hydrogen was used to fuel the first internal combustion engines over 200 years ago. Hydrogen provided lift to balloons and airships in the 18th and 19th centuries, and propelled humanity to the moon in the 1960s. Hydrogen in ammonia fertiliser (from fossil fuels and, earlier, from electricity and water) has helped feed a growing global population. And hydrogen has been an integral part of the energy industry since the mid-20th century, when its use became commonplace in oil refining. Supplying hydrogen to industrial users is now a major business globally. Demand for hydrogen, which has grown more than threefold since 1975, continues to rise (Figure 1). Demand for hydrogen in its pure form is around 70 million tonnes per year (MtH2/yr). This hydrogen is almost entirely supplied from fossil fuels, with 6% of global natural gas and 2% of global coal going to hydrogen production.1 As a consequence, production of hydrogen is responsible for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of around 830million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year (MtCO2/yr), equivalent to the CO2 emissions of Indonesia and the United Kingdom combined. In energy terms, total annual hydrogen demand worldwide is around 330 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), larger than the primary energy supply of Germany. These existing markets for hydrogen build on its attributes: it is light, storable, reactive, has high energy content per unit mass, and can be readily produced at industrial scale. Today’s growing interest in the widespread use of hydrogen for clean energy systems rests largely on two additional attributes: 1) hydrogen can be used without direct emissions of air pollutants or greenhouse gases; and 2) it can be made from a diverse range of low-carbon energy sources. Its potential supply includes production from renewable electricity, biomass and nuclear. Low- carbon production from fossil fuels is also possible, if combined with carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS)2 and emissions during fossil fuel extraction and supply are mitigated. Broadly speaking, hydrogen can contribute to a resilient, sustainable energy future in two ways: 1. Existing applications of hydrogen can use hydrogen produced using alternative, cleaner production methods, and from a more diverse set of energy sources. 2. Hydrogen can be used in a wide range of new applications as an alternative to current fuels and inputs, or as a complement to the greater use of electricity in these applications. In these cases – for example in transport, heating, steel production and electricity – hydrogen can be used in its pure form, or converted to hydrogen-based fuels, including synthetic methane, synthetic liquid fuels, ammonia and methanol. 1 A further 45 MtH2/yr are used in industries such as steel and methanol production without prior separation of the hydrogen from other gases. 2 The term CCUS is used neutrally throughout this report to refer to the capture of CO2 (before it can be emitted or directly from the air), followed by permanent geological storage or uses of CO2 that deliver equivalent emissions reductions – for example through chemical integration into long-lasting materials. This report also covers the use of captured CO2 as an input to hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks, which is a form of CCUS with emissions reduction benefits that vary widely with the source of carbon and its final use and are generally not equivalent to geological storage of the CO2. PAGE | 17 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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