PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 032
The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 1: Introduction Overall, less than 0.7% of current hydrogen production is from renewables or from fossil fuel plants equipped with CCUS. In total, hydrogen production today is responsible for 830 MtCO2/yr. In general, demand for pure hydrogen that is supplied from dedicated facilities is the most straightforward to replace with alternative sources of low-carbon hydrogen. Figure 6. Today’s hydrogen value chains Dedicated production 31 Mt H2 Natural gas Coal Oil Electricity /other By-product hydrogen Refining Ammonia <0.01 Mt H2 Transport Demand for pure hydrogen 196 Mtoe 69 Mt H2 of which <0.4 Mt H2 produced with CCUS of which <0.1 Mt H2 produced with renewables 75 Mtoe 2 Mtoe 2 Mtoe renewables 4 Mt H2 12 Mt H2 4 Mt H2 26 Mt H2 Other Methanol Losses 38 Mt H2 Demand for DRI hydrogen 48 Mt H2 of which <0.3 Mt H2 produced with Other e.g. heat mixed with other gases Notes: Other forms of pure hydrogen demand include the chemicals, metals, electronics and glass-making industries. Other forms of demand for hydrogen mixed with other gases (e.g. carbon monoxide) include the generation of heat from steel works arising gases and by-product gases from steam crackers. The shares of hydrogen production based on renewables are calculated using the share of renewable electricity in global electricity generation. The share of dedicated hydrogen produced with CCUS is estimated based on existing installations with permanent geological storage, assuming an 85% utilisation rate. Several estimates are made as to the shares of by-products and dedicated generation in various end uses, while input energy for by-product production is assumed equal to energy content of hydrogen produced without further allocation. All figures shown are estimates for 2018. The thickness of the lines in the Sankey diagram are sized according to energy contents of the flows depicted. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Today’s hydrogen industry is large, with many sources and uses. Most hydrogen is produced from gas in dedicated facilities, and the current share from renewables is small. Chapter 2 provides more detail on the processes and costs of hydrogen production. It concludes that production costs are highly dependent on factors such as electricity costs and taxes, grid fees, natural gas prices, the availability and price of CCUS services, and the capacity utilisation rates of electrolysers. The price of hydrogen varies widely between regions and end uses (different end uses require different volumes, pressures and purity levels of hydrogen); it also varies according to the way that hydrogen is transported. What does it mean to be a chemical energy carrier and not an energy source? Hydrogen is not an energy source but an energy carrier, which means that its potential role has similarities with that of electricity. Both hydrogen and electricity can be produced by various energy sources and technologies. Both are versatile and can be used in many different applications. No greenhouse gases, particulates, sulphur oxides or ground level ozone are produced from the use of either hydrogen or electricity. If the hydrogen is used in a fuel cell, it emits nothing but water. However, both hydrogen and electricity can have a high CO2 intensity upstream if produced from fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas. This disadvantage can only be overcome by using renewables or nuclear as the initial energy input, or equipping fossil fuel plants with CCUS. PAGE | 32 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
PDF Search Title:
The Future of Hydrogen 2019Original File Name Searched:
the_future_of_hydrogen.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)