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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 1: Introduction This report considers the production and use of both hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks. They all generate demand for hydrogen, and they can all contribute to energy security as well as to decarbonisation, although different production routes will have different CO2 intensities. Power-to-X is a commonly used term for the conversion of electricity to other energy carriers or chemicals, generally through hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water. The “X” can stand for any resulting fuel, chemical, power or heat. For example, power-to-gas refers to the production of electrolytic hydrogen itself or synthetic methane produced from electrolytic hydrogen combined with CO2. Likewise, power-to-liquids refers to the production of hydrogen- based liquid fuels. Together, hydrogen-based fuels that integrate electrolytic hydrogen are sometimes referred to as “electrofuels” or, in the very specific case of power from solar energy, solar fuels.5 Why do some people talk about black, blue, brown, green and grey hydrogen? In recent years, colours have been used to refer to different sources of hydrogen production. “Black”, “grey” or “brown” refer to the production of hydrogen from coal, natural gas and lignite respectively. “Blue” is commonly used for the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels with CO2 emissions reduced by the use of CCUS. “Green” is a term applied to production of hydrogen from renewable electricity. In general, there are no established colours for hydrogen from biomass, nuclear or different varieties of grid electricity. As the environmental impacts of each of these production routes can vary considerably by energy source, region and type of CCUS applied, colour terminology is not used in this report. This report highlights low-carbon hydrogen production routes. This includes hydrogen from renewable and nuclear electricity; it also includes hydrogen from biomass and fossil fuels with CCUS, provided that upstream emissions are sufficiently low, that CO2 capture is applied to all the associated CO2 streams, and that the CO2 is prevented from reaching the atmosphere. The same principle applies to low-carbon hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks made using low- carbon hydrogen and a sustainable carbon source. What are the most relevant physical properties of hydrogen? Hydrogen contains more energy per unit of mass than natural gas or gasoline, making it attractive as a transport fuel (Table 2). However, hydrogen is the lightest element and so has a low energy density per unit of volume. This means that larger volumes of hydrogen must be moved to meet identical energy demands as compared with other fuels. This can be achieved, for example, through the use of larger or faster-flowing pipelines and larger storage tanks. Hydrogen can be compressed, liquefied, or transformed into hydrogen-based fuels that have a higher energy density, but this (and any subsequent re-conversion) uses some energy. 5 Broader definitions have been noted elsewhere, with electrofuels including biochemical processes that use electricity as an input, but do not pass via electrolytic hydrogen as an intermediate (Ridjan, 2016). PAGE | 34 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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