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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 1: Introduction precursor to air pollution. Like hydrogen, there is long experience of using ammonia industrially. It has been used as a refrigerant since the early 19th century and it has also been used in large- scale fertiliser production for over a century. Ammonia is routinely stored and transported, including in ocean-going tankers, and is sometimes injected directly into the soil in agriculture. Methylcyclohexane, a potential candidate LOHC, is flammable and dangerous to ingest, and its production requires toluene (which is toxic), but as a liquid, methylcyclohexane is less hazardous compared with gases, which can be inhaled. Dibenzyltoluene is considered to be an alternative LOHC option and is safer. Neither are currently handled in very large quantities, except in specific chemical facilities, but safe handling in pipelines or ships is not thought to pose a significant safety problem with appropriate controls in place. References AFC TCP (Advanced Fuel Cells Technology Collaboration Partnership) (2018), AFC TCP 2018 Survey on the Number of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, Hydrogen Refuelling Stations and Targets, provided to the IEA by AFC TCP. Chehade, Z. et al. (2019), “Review and analysis of demonstration projects on Power-to-X pathways in the world”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, in press. GCCSI (Global CCS Institute) (2019), The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Intelligence Database, https://co2re.co/ (accessed 9 April 2019). IEA (International Energy Agency) (2019), World Energy Investment 2019, Paris, www.iea.org/wei2019/. IEA (2018a), RD&D Statistics, Paris, www.iea.org/statistics/RDDonlinedataservice/ (accessed 5 April 2019). IEA (2018b), World Energy Investment 2018, Paris, www.iea.org/wei2018/. IEA ( (2018c), World Energy Outlook 2018, Paris, www.iea.org/weo2018/. IEA (2015), Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, Paris. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2018), “Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty”, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. IPHE (International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy) (2019), Country Updates, www.iphe.net/ (accessed 8 April 2019). Ridjan (2016), “Terminology used for renewable liquid and gaseous fuels based on the conversion of electricity: a review”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 112, pp. 3709–20, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.117. Society of Automotive Engineers of China (2016), Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology Roadmap [English Version], Strategy Advisory Committee of the Technology Roadmap for Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles, www.ihfca.org.cn/file/FCV%20Tech%20Roadmap.pdf. Stephens-Romero, S. et al. (2009), “Determining air quality and greenhouse gas impacts of hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell vehicles”, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 23, pp. 9022–9, https://doi.org/10.1021/es901515y. World Energy Council (2018), Hydrogen an Enabler of the Grand Transition, Future Energy Leaders Hydrogen Taskforce, World Energy Council. PAGE | 36 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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