PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 037
The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 2: Producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products Chapter 2: Producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products • Around 70 Mt of dedicated hydrogen are produced today, 76% from natural gas and almost all the rest (23%) from coal. Annual hydrogen production consumes around 205 billion m3 of natural gas (6% of global natural gas use) and 107 Mt of coal (2% of global coal use), with coal use concentrated in the People’s Republic of China (“China”). As a consequence, global hydrogen production today is responsible for 830MtCO2/yr – corresponding to the annual CO2 emissions of Indonesia and the United Kingdom combined. • Electrolysis currently accounts for 2% of global hydrogen production, but there is significant scope for electrolysis to provide more low-carbon hydrogen. Surplus electricity from variable renewables has low costs, but the number of hours during which this surplus occurs is generally low. Falling costs mean that dedicated renewables for hydrogen production in regions with excellent resource conditions could, however, now become a reliable low-cost hydrogen source. If all current dedicated hydrogen production were produced through water electrolysis (using water and electricity to create hydrogen), this would result in an annual electricity demand of 3600TWh – more than the annual electricity generation of the European Union. Water requirements would be 617millionm3, or 1.3% of the water consumption of the global energy sector today; this is roughly twice the current water consumption for hydrogen from natural gas. • There are huge regional variations in hydrogen production costs today, and their future economics depend on factors that will continue to vary regionally, including prices for fossil fuels, electricity and carbon. Natural gas without CCUS is currently the most economic option for hydrogen production in most parts of the world, with costs being as low as USD 1/kgH2 in the Middle East. Among low-carbon options, electrolysis requires electricity prices of USD 10–40/MWh and full load hours of 3 000–6 000 to become cost-competitive with natural gas with CCUS (depending on local gas prices). Regions with good renewable resources or nuclear power plants may find electrolysis an attractive option, especially if they currently depend on relatively high cost natural gas imports. • Conversion of hydrogen into other hydrogen-based fuels could be attractive where few other low-carbon alternatives are available, but is not economic at current prices. The conversion of hydrogen to ammonia benefits from existing infrastructure and demand; it also does not need carbon as an input. For synthetic liquid fuels from electrolytic hydrogen, however, electricity costs of USD 20/MWh translate into costs of USD 60–70/bbl without taking account of any capital expenditure or CO2 feedstock costs. For synthetic methane the equivalent figure is USD 10–12/MBtu. Carbon pricing or equivalent policies would be needed to reduce the cost gap between synthetic hydrocarbons and fossil fuels. PAGE | 37 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
PDF Search Title:
The Future of Hydrogen 2019Original File Name Searched:
the_future_of_hydrogen.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)